BIODIVERSITY & TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE
ISSUES RELATING TO TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE SYSTEMS AND INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS (IPRS)
http://www.fao.org/docrep/article/wfc/xii/0911-a3.htm
THE PROTECTION, CONSERVATION AND EFFECTIVE MANAGEMENT OF
TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE RELATING TO BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY
RULES, 2009
http://nbaindia.in/uploaded/docs/tk_rules2009.pdf
TK:
-
http://www.taiga.net/webdata/aklaviktk/ - Sources of Documented Yukon North Slope
Traditional Knowledge;
-
http://www.nativeknowledge.org - Alaska Traditional Knowledge and Native Foods
Database;
-
http://www.umd.umich.edu/cgi-bin/herb - Native American Ethnobotany Database compiled by
the University of Michigan-Dearborn; and
-
http://ip.aaas.org/tekindex.nsf - TEKPAD (Traditional Ecological Knowledge Prior Art
Database).
- https://agricola.nal.usda.gov/
- http://www.anbg.gov.au/aboriginal-resources/index.html
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NATIONAL BIODIVERSITY AUTHORITY
Court - Directives / Orders
http://nbaindia.org/content/730/66/1/CourtOrders.html
SBBs (STATE BIODIVERSITY BOARD)
http://nbaindia.org/link/241/34/1/SBBs.html
Understanding the Biological Diversity Act
Explanatory Notes on Certain Sections of the Biological Diversity Act, 2002
http://nbaindia.org/content/565/56/1/explanatorynote.html
MINISTRY OF EFCC: Biodiversity : http://envfor.nic.in/division/biodiversity
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Agrobiodiversity Hotspots in India
http://plantauthority.gov.in/downloads.htm
THE PPV&FR AUTHORITY
http://www.plantauthority.gov.in/gazette.htm
http://www.plantauthority.gov.in/pdf/PPVFRACT2001Hindi.PDF
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About TKDL
SOURCE:
http://www.tkdl.res.in/tkdl/langdefault/common/Abouttkdl.asp?GL=Eng
| Traditional Knowledge Digital Library (TKDL) is a pioneer initiative of India to prevent misappropriation of country’s traditional medicinal knowledge at International Patent Offices on which healthcare needs of more than 70% population and livelihood of millions of people in India is dependent. Its genesis dates back to the Indian effort on revocation of patent on wound healing properties of turmeric at the USPTO. Besides, in 2005, the TKDL expert group estimated that about 2000 wrong patents concerning Indian systems of medicine were being granted every year at international level, mainly due to the fact that India’s traditional medicinal knowledge which exists in local languages such as Sanskrit, Hindi, Arabic, Urdu, Tamil etc. is neither accessible nor comprehensible for patent examiners at the international patent offices. |
| Traditional Knowledge Digital Library* has overcome the language and format barrier by scientifically converting and structuring the available contents (till date 0.29 million medicinal formulations) of the ancient texts on Indian Systems of Medicines i.e. Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani and Yoga, into five international languages, namely, English, Japanese, French, German and Spanish, with the help of information technology tools and an innovative classification system - Traditional Knowledge Resource Classification (TKRC). |
| TKRC has structured and classified the Indian Traditional Medicine System in approximately 25,000 subgroups for Ayurveda, Unani, Siddha and Yoga. TKRC has enabled incorporation of about 200 sub-groups under A61K 36/00 in International Patent Classification instead of few sub-groups earlier available on medicinal plants under A61K 35/00 thus enhancing the quality of search and examination of prior-art with respect to patent applications field in the area of traditional knowledge. |
| TKDL has also been able to set international specifications and standards for setting up of TK databases based on TKDL specifications. This was adopted in 2003 by the Committee in fifth session of the Intergovernmental Committee (IGC) of WIPO on Intellectual Property and Genetic Resources, Traditional Knowledge and Expression of folklore. |
| TKDL technology integrates diverse disciplines and languages such as Ayurveda, Unani, Siddha, Yoga, Sanskrit, Arabic, Urdu, Persian, Tamil, English, Japanese, Spanish, French, German, modern science & modern medicine. Till date, TKDL is based on 359 books of Indian Systems of Medicine, which are available at a cost of approx US$ 1000, in open domain and can be sourced by any individual/organization at national/international level. TKDL acts as a bridge between these books (Prior-art) and International patent examiners. It is the TKDL technology which has created a unique mechanism for a Sanskrit verse to be read in languages like German, Japanese, English, Spanish and French by an examiner at any International Patent Office on his computer screen. |
| At present, as per the approval of Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs, access of TKDL is available to nine International Patent Offices (European Patent Office, United State Patent & Trademark Office, Japan Patent Office, United Kingdom Patent Office, Canadian Intellectual Property Office, German Patent Office, Intellectual Property Australia, Indian Patent Office and Chile Patent Office), under TKDL Access (Non-disclosure) Agreement. Negotiations are under way to conclude the Access Agreement with Intellectual Property Office of Russia and Malaysia. As per the terms and conditions of the Access agreement, examiners of patent office can utilize TKDL for search and examination purposes only and can not reveal the contents of TKDL to any third party unless it is necessary for the purpose of citation. TKDL Access Agreement is unique in nature and has in-built safeguards on Non-disclosure to protect India’s interest against any possible misuse. |
| In addition, pre-grant oppositions are being filed at various International Patent Offices, along with prior-art evidences from TKDL. Significant impact has already been realized. So far about 200 patent applications of the pharmaceutical companies of United States, Great Britain, Spain, Italy, China etc. have either been set aside/ withdrawn/ amended, based on the Prior art evidences present in the TKDL database without any cost and in few weeks/months of time, whereas APEDA had to spend about seven crores towards legal fee only for getting few claims of Basmati rice patent revoked. Similar outcome is expected in about 1200 more cases, where TKDL has filed pre-grant opposition. |
| TKDL is proving to be an effective deterrent against bio-piracy and is being recognized as a global leader in the area of traditional knowledge protection. In 2011, an International Conference was organized by World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) in collaboration with CSIR on ‘Utilization of Traditional Knowledge Digital Library as a Model for Protection of Traditional Knowledge’, at New Delhi. Pursuant to this, WIPO in collaboration with CSIR and DIPP (Ministry of Commerce and Industry) organized an ‘International Study Visit To TKDL’ for 19 countries interested in replication of TKDL. |
| TKDL has made waves around the world, particularly in TK-rich countries by demonstrating the advantages of proactive action and the power of strong deterrence. The idea is not to restrict the use of traditional knowledge, but to ensure that wrong patents are not granted due to lack of access to the prior art for Patent examiners. |
| For entering into TKDL Access Agreement by a Patent Office, Head, CSIR Traditional Knowledge Digital Library Unit may be contacted. |
| * In collaboration with Ministry of AYUSH till March 2012 |
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WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION
Committee on Trade and Environment, Council for Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights
WT/CTE/W/156
IP/C/W/198 ; 14 July 2000
PROTECTION OF BIODIVERSITY AND TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE –
THE INDIAN EXPERIENCE
SOURCE: HTTP://WWW.TWN.MY/TITLE/CTEINDIA.HTM#_FTN1
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I. INTRODUCTION
1. Biological diversity encompasses all species of plants, animals and micro-organisms and the variation between them, and the eco-systems of which they form a part. It occurs at three levels, namely: (i) species level - refers to number and kinds of living organisms; (ii) genetic level - refers to genetic variation within a population of species; and (iii) eco-system level - refers to the variety of habitats, biological communities and ecological processes that occur in such habitats.
2. Traditional knowledge (TK) associated with biological resources is an intangible component of the resource itself. TK has the potential of being translated into commercial benefits by providing leads for development of useful products and processes. The valuable leads provided by TK save time, money and investment of modern biotech industry into any research and product development. Hence, a share of benefits must accrue to creators and holders of TK.
3. India is one of the twelve-megabiodiversity countries of the world. With only 2.4 per cent of the land area, India already accounts for 7 per cent to 8 per cent of the recorded species of the world. This number is based on the survey of 65 to 70 per cent of the total geographical area of the country. Over 47,000 species of plants and 81,000 species of animals have been recorded by the Botanical Survey of India and the Zoological Survey of India respectively. It is anticipated that some of the remaining areas (e.g., Himalayan region, A & N Islands) may be far richer in biological diversity than most of the areas already surveyed. India is also one of the twelve primary centres of origin of cultivated plants and is rich in agricultural biodiversity. India is equally rich in traditional and indigenous knowledge, both coded and informal.
4. India is a party to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), which came into force on 29 December 1993. It has three main objectives, namely, the conservation of biological diversity, the sustainable use of its components and fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising out of the utilization of genetic resources.
5. CBD envisages that the benefits accruing from commercial use of TK have to be shared with the people responsible for creating, refining and using this knowledge. Article 8(j) of the CBD provides for respecting, protecting and rewarding the Knowledge, Innovations and Practices (KIP) of local communities.
II. THE BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY BILL 2000
6. The CBD offers opportunities to India to realize benefits from these resources. It is, therefore, proposed to enact a legislation to realize the benefits arising out of this Convention. The Bill has been introduced in the Parliament in the Budget Session of the year 2000.
7. The proposed legislation addresses the basic concerns of access to, and collection and utilization of biological resources and knowledge by foreigners, and sharing of benefits arising out of such access. The legislation provides for a National Authority, which will grant approvals for access, subject to conditions, which ensure equitable sharing of benefits.
III. TRIPS, BIODIVERSITY AND PATENT ISSUES
8. In the recent past, there have been several cases of bio-piracy of TK from India. First it was the patent on wound-healing properties of haldi (turmeric); now patents have been obtained in other countries on hypoglycaemic properties of karela (bitter gourd), brinjal, etc. An important criticism in this context relates to foreigners obtaining patents based on Indian biological materials. There is also the view that the TRIPS Agreement is aiding the exploitation of biodiversity by privatizing biodiversity expressed in life forms and knowledge.
9. Patents are granted under national patent laws and have territorial application only. The TRIPS Agreement provides minimum standards of protection for intellectual property rights including patents, while WTO Members are free to grant a higher level of protection under their national laws. Thus, India is free to deny patents on life forms, except on micro-organisms and microbiological and non-biological processes, as per the provisions of the TRIPS Agreement. At the same time if, for example, the United States chooses to grant patents on plants or other life forms, we cannot object. Nevertheless, such patents will have force only in the United States and cannot be enforced in India.
10. To assess the WTO compatibility of a patent granted by a foreign patent office to an invention based on biological material obtained from India, we need to check whether the criteria of patentability (novelty, non-obviousness and usefulness) are satisfied, and to challenge it where the criteria are not met. We examine cases that need to be examined. A patent granted in the United States on the wound-healing properties of turmeric, for example, was revoked after such an examination. Similarly, a patent granted on the need as a fungicide was revoked in the European Patent Office in May 2000. The exercise could be extended to other such patents also. But the time, effort, and money involved in getting individual patents examined and revoked in foreign patent offices is prohibitive. Hence, an internationally accepted solution to such bio-piracy is necessary.
11. The problem of bio-piracy may not be resolved with such revocation actions and domestic biodiversity legislation alone. There is a need to provide appropriate legal and institutional means for recognizing the rights of tribal communities on their TK based on biological resources at the international level. There is also a need to institute mechanisms for sharing of benefits arising out of the commercial exploitation of biological resources using such TK. This can be done by harmonizing the different approaches of the Convention on Biological Diversity on the one hand, and the TRIPS Agreement on the other, as the former recognizes sovereign rights of States over their biological resources and the latter treats intellectual property as a private right. India has proposed, in this context, that patent applicants should be required to disclose the source of origin of the biological material utilized in their invention under the TRIPS Agreement and should also be required to obtain prior informed consent (PIC) of the country of origin. If this is done, it would enable domestic institutional mechanisms to ensure sharing of benefits of such commercial utilization by the patent holders with the indigenous communities whose TK has been used. Simultaneously, provisions have been introduced for disclosure of the source of biological material in the amendments proposed to the Patents Act 1970 through the Patents (Second Amendment) Bill 1999. The Bill is currently before the Parliament. What is required in addition, to prevent bio-piracy, is the acceptance of this practice of disclosure and PIC by all patent offices in the world.
IV. PROTECTION OF TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE ASSOCIATED WITH BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES
12. Issues relating to protecting, recognizing and rewarding of TK associated with biological resources are very complex. The modalities for protecting TK are still emerging and evolving. The nature of entitlements and share in benefits is also a grey area. Even at the international level, clarity has as yet not emerged and countries are grappling to understand the issue.
13. As regards protection of knowledge, innovations and practices associated with biological resources, these do not seem to fall in the conventional legal systems of IPR protection (e.g., patents, copyrights, trademark, etc.). These conventional forms of IPRs are inadequate to protect indigenous knowledge essentially because they are based on protection of individual property rights, whereas TK is, by and large, collective. Further, the informal knowledge presents other difficulties in being recognized for the purpose of IP protection, such as:
· * Knowledge is developed over a period of time and may either be codified in texts or retained in oral traditions over generations. The conditions of novelty and innovative step necessary for grant of patent are therefore not satisfied.
· * Communities quite often hold knowledge in parallel.
14. Nevertheless, the development of an appropriate form of protection for the knowledge of local communities is of great interest to countries which are rich in biodiversity, and also rich in TK, such as India.
A. SUGGESTIONS/OPTIONS FOR PROTECTING TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE
15. Various suggestions have been advanced to extend protection to knowledge, innovations and practices. These include: (i) documentation of TK; (ii) registration and innovation patent system; and (iii) development of a sui generis system.
Documentation of traditional knowledge
16. It is sometimes believed that proper documentation of associated TK could help in checking bio-piracy. It is assumed that if the material/knowledge is documented, it can be made available to patent examiners the world over so that prior art in the case of inventions based on such materials/knowledge are/is readily available to them. It is also hoped that such documentation would facilitate tracing of indigenous communities with whom benefits of commercialization of such materials/knowledge has to be shared.
17. On the other hand, others believe that documentation may facilitate bio-piracy. They argue that a trade secret of an indigenous community would be maintained only until it is closely held by the community - as soon as it is put on paper, it will become accessible to pirates and would be purloined. This dilemma is the subject of discussions in national and international debates on benefit sharing. Some suggest the empowerment of the indigenous communities themselves so that they are able to get legal protection for closely-held knowledge without the involvement of outside agencies. Nevertheless, documentation has one clear benefit. It would check patents based on TK in the public domain that are today difficult to prevent due to lack of availability of information with patent examiners.
18. In India, preparation of village-wise Community Biodiversity Registers (CBRs) for documenting all knowledge, innovations and practices has been undertaken in a few States.
19. The State Plan for Kerala has also actively promoted documentation of local knowledge regarding biodiversity in people's biodiversity registers. One pilot project on this has been completed in Ernakulam District. Two other projects at a single Panchayat level have been initiated by the Tropical Botanic Garden and Research Institute and the Kerala Forest Research Institute. Another interesting development in Kerala is the development of a benefit-sharing arrangement between the Tropical Botanical Garden Research Institute and the Kani tribe, based on whose knowledge a drug was developed and then marketed.
20. The state of Karnataka presents a unique example of NGO initiatives in the formulation of Peoples' Biodiversity Registers (PBRs). Some experts who were part of the State Planning Board recommended the Karnataka Biodiversity Conservation Order in 1996. This order envisaged biodiversity boards at the state and sub-state levels, with a wide range of stakeholders being members of the board, and envisaged PBRs as part of the responsibilities of the boards. One of the organized and widespread attempts of NGOs has been towards initiating and completing biodiversity registers.
21. Some of the other experiences include:
(a) (a) The efforts of the Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, spearheaded by Dr. Madhav Gadgil were the pioneering effort in this field. By mid 1998, 75 Plant Biodiversity Registers had been established in ten States with the help of Indian Institute of Sciences and others.
(b) (b) Gene Campaign has undertaken work on documentation of biodiversity and knowledge relating thereto among three tribal populations: the Munnars in South Bihar (in the Chotanagpur region); the Bhils of Madhya Pradesh; and the Tharus of the Terai region. Medicinal plants and knowledge related thereto was sought to be documented with the help of educated tribal youth. Elders in the village, medical practitioners and traditional healers were consulted in the collection and understanding of the information.
(c) (c) The Research Foundation of Science, Technology and Ecology (RFSTE) initiated a movement called the Jaiv Panchayat: Living Democracy, started in early 1999. According to the RFSTE, the Jaiv Panchayat movement aims to establish definitive sovereignty of local communities on their biodiversity resources. Activists from RFSTE and Navdanya have been interacting with local villagers in different parts of India (their strongest presence being in the state of Uttar Pradesh) to constitute informal community-level institutions called Jaiv Panchayats, comprising volunteers from a village. The members of the Jaiv Panchayat are entrusted with the task of inquiring and recording information on biological resources, and various uses of the same in the form of Community Biodiversity Registers (CBRs). The first Jaiv Panchayat to complete the register was in Agasthyamuni village Garhwal district, Uttar Pradesh, where on 5 June 1999, the CBR prepared by the local people was presented. It is estimated by the RFSTE that efforts towards Jaiv Panchayats were under way in 292 sites in the country.
(d) (d) SRISTI, the Society for Research and Initiatives for Sustainable Technologies and Institutions based in Ahmedabad, has been involved in documenting innovation developed by individuals at the village level. The HoneyBee Network, as the initiative is called, documents not elements of biodiversity per se, but their uses and in particular innovation surrounding these elements. This network has been growing since the late 1980s. It aims, through this documentation and subsequent accrual of benefits, to provide a platform through which biodiversity and local knowledge bases can be conserved.
(e) (e) The efforts of Kalpavriksh and the Beej Bachao Aandolan (Save the Seeds Campaign), Tehri-Garhwal, Uttar Pradesh. Kalpavriksh, in collaboration with the villagers in Jardhar of the Teri Garhwal district of Uttar Pradesh, initiated an exercise in 1995 to document the various bio-resources used by the community and conservation practices. The members of the Beej Bachao Aaandolan (Save the Seeds Campaign) - a network of local farmers who have been involved for a number of years now in reviving and spreading indigenous crop diversity, actively collaborated with the Kalpavriksh members. By mutual agreement between Kalpavriksh and the villagers, it was decided that a copy of the register would be kept in the village and another copy would be kept by Kalpavriksh, and that all the information in the register can be used and distributed only with the consent and knowledge of the villagers.
(f) (f) Drawing on the experience in Karnataka, the Biodiversity Register Programme evolved further at subsequent workshops organized by the Centre for Ecological Sciences, to encompass all elements of biodiversity, and also knowledge and perceptions of individuals, households, ethnic and multi-ethnic groups. PBR activities along these lines were initiated at ten sites in four states along the Western Ghats region, as part of the Western Ghats Biodiversity Network. These efforts were followed in conjunction with a larger project - the Biodiversity Conservation Prioritization Programme (BCPP). The geographical extent of the BCPP-PBR exercise was 56 sites across seven states. Many other organizations have since taken up the initiative, and at present about five villages each in Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and the rest of India are involved in developing PBRs.
Traditional Knowledge Digital Library
22. In the recent past, there have been several cases of bio-piracy of TK from India. For preventing such instances in future there is a need for developing digital databases of prior art related to herbs already in the public domain. Following patents on brinjal, etc., in India, an exercise has been initiated to prepare easily navigable computerized database of documented TK relating to use of medicinal and other plants (which is already under public domain) known as TK Digital Library (TKDL). Such digital database would enable Patent Offices all over the world to search and examine any prevalent use/prior art, and thereby prevent grant of such patents and bio‑piracy.
23. Documentation of TK is one means of giving recognition to knowledge holders. But mere documentation may not enable sharing of benefits arising out of the use of such knowledge, unless it is backed by some kind of mechanism for protecting the knowledge. This necessitates the need for extending some kind of protection to TK. Documentation of TK may only serve a defensive purpose, namely that of preventing the patenting of this knowledge in the form in which it exists. Documentation per se, however, will not facilitate benefit sharing with the holders of TK.
Registration and innovation patent system
24. This involves creating a system for registration of innovations by inventors. Such registration will be tantamount to giving right to the inventor to challenge any use of the innovation without prior permission. For novel and useful innovations, some kind of petty patent giving protection for a limited duration may be worked out.
25. Regarding registration, some limited efforts have been made in India. For example, the HoneyBee database, established ten years ago in India, is a facility for registration of innovations by innovators. The database can be accessed for adding value to these innovations and sharing benefits with the knowledge providers and innovators. Thus, the HoneyBee Network involves documentation, experimentation and dissemination of indigenous knowledge. The network has probably the world's largest database on grassroot innovations, having now about 10,000 innovations, with names and addresses of the innovators (individuals or communities). Through the HoneyBee Newsletter, grassroots innovations have been disseminated to more than 75 countries. For example, this database has entries on traditional use of fish and fish products, improving crop productivity, etc.
Development of a sui generis system
26. Some experts have suggested that a sui generis system separate from the existing IPR system should be designed to protect knowledge, innovations and practices associated with biological resources. However, the parameters, elements and modalities of a sui generis system are still being worked out. This is in addition to the sui generis system of protection for plant varieties. The sui generis system of protection for plant varieties is separately developed in India and a Bill in this regard is before the Parliament.
Some other aspects
27. Another relevant aspect relating to TK is the need for value addition to this knowledge for converting it into economically profitable investments or enterprises. Many of the innovators, however, do not have the capacity for value addition. Thus, there is a need for providing institutional support in scouting, spanning, sustaining and scaling up of grassroot innovations and to enhance technical competence and self reliance of these innovators, through establishment of green venture promotion funds and incubators. It was also proposed as part of the 1999-2000 national budget of India that a National Innovation Foundation would be set up. This foundation, with an initial corpus of Rs.20, is intended to build a national register of innovations, mobilize intellectual property protection, set up incubators for converting innovations into viable business opportunities and help in dissemination across the country. The foundation is in the process of being set up.
B. PROVISIONS IN THE BIODIVERSITY BILL 2000 AND PATENTS (SECOND AMENDMENT) BILL 1999
28. Realizing the need to ensure that the holders of TK which is not still in the public domain should be able to get the benefits arising from the use of such knowledge, an enabling provision has been made for protecting the TK in the Biodiversity Bill, 2000. Relevant provisions of this Bill are discussed below.
29. Section 36(iv) provides for protection of knowledge of local people relating to biodiversity through measures such as registration of such knowledge, and development of a sui generis system. For ensuring equitable sharing of benefits arising from the use of biological resources and associated knowledge, Sections 19 and 21 stipulate prior approval of the National Biodiversity Authority (NBA) before their access. While granting approval, NBA will impose terms and conditions, which secure equitable sharing of benefits. Section 6 provides that anybody seeking any kind of intellectual property rights on a research based upon biological resource or knowledge obtained from India, need to obtain prior approval of the NBA. The NBA will impose benefit-sharing conditions. Section 18(iv) stipulates that one of the functions of NBA is to take measures to oppose the grant of IPRs in any country outside India on any biological resource obtained from India or knowledge associated with such biological resource.
30. In the Patent (Second Amendment) Bill 1999, the grounds for rejection of the patent application, as well as revocation of the patent, include non-disclosure or wrongful disclosure of the source of origin of biological resource or knowledge in the patent application, and anticipation of knowledge, oral or otherwise. It has also been made incumbent upon patent applications to disclose the source of origin of the biological material used in the invention in their patent applications.
31. The above mentioned provisions in the Biodiversity Bill 2000 and the corresponding provisions in the Patent (Second Amendment) Bill 1999 would ensure equitable sharing of benefits arising from the use of TK with the holders of such knowledge.
V. INTERNATIONAL ACTION
32. Even though provisions of Article 8(j) of CBD are subject to national legislation, India is of the view that securing benefits arising out of the use of TK related to biodiversity cannot be limited to national action alone, and a basic understanding and respect for an internationally recognized regime to ensure rights to these communities is an absolute must. These two requirements, therefore, have to go hand in hand. To secure this, suggestions have been made by India in international fora under the aegis of CBD as well as WTO, that applications for patents should disclose the following:
· * The source of knowledge and biological material; and
· * an undertaking that the prevalent laws and practices of the country of origin have been fully respected.
33. While securing benefits to the creators and holders of knowledge for the use of this knowledge is subject to national legislation, national action alone is not sufficient to ensure realization of benefits. The onus must also be shared by the users of this knowledge all over the world so as to ensure compliance of the consent requirement for using the knowledge and equitable sharing of benefits as visualized in the CBD.
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[1] India has requested the Secretariat to circulate this submission in both the Committee on Trade and Environment and the Council for Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights.
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WIPO/GRTKF/IC/3/6
ANNEX I
REQUEST FOR REFERENCES
1. There
has been considerable concern in recent years that patents have been granted
for certain inventions that did not meet the fundamental requirements of
patentability when compared with the traditional knowledge from which the
inventions had been derived. This
traditional knowledge, had it been known to the patent examiners at the time of
the examination, may have amounted to “prior art” and may have defeated any
claim that the invention was either ‘novel’ or ‘inventive’ and therefore
patentable.
2. For example,
a patent on the use of turmeric for wound healing was revoked once the patented
invention was compared with ancient Indian documents that demonstrated that the
invention was neither novel nor inventive.
3. In response
to numerous proposals that the status of traditional knowledge as prior art
would be considerably enhanced if patent examiners had access to existing,
documented traditional knowledge, the Secretariat of the World Intellectual
Property Organization (“WIPO”), as part of its program of activities under the
Intergovernmental Committee on Intellectual Property and Genetic Resources,
Traditional Knowledge and Folklore, is compiling two inventories which may be
the basis of a useful resource to prevent the granting of patents on disclosed
traditional knowledge:
(a) An
inventory of existing periodicals,
journals or gazettes concerning traditional knowledge-related issues; and
(b) An inventory of existing on-line traditional
knowledge-related databases.
4. The inventories will only contain references to traditional knowledge-related publications and
databases which are already in the
public domain. Their objective is to
help prevent the granting of patents on this knowledge. WIPO has not collected and does not wish to
collect traditional knowledge itself.
5. The Secretariat of WIPO is seeking contributions to compile
these inventories. Relevant categories
of traditional knowledge could include:
medicinal knowledge, including related medicines and remedies; agricultural knowledge; scientific knowledge and technical
knowledge. The Secretariat would
particularly welcome information relating to existing traditional
knowledge-related national publications and databases compiled by and/or with
the prior informed consent of local communities and traditional peoples.
Inventory of existing
periodicals, journals or gazettes
6. WIPO would appreciate
receiving the following details of
national periodicals, journals or gazettes concerning traditional
knowledge-related issues:
(a) Full title
(b) Publisher’s name and contact details
(c) Summary of content of publication
(d) Publication ISSN number
(e) Format of publication (paper, on-line,
CD-ROM, Microfilm, etc.)
(f) Internet address, where appropriate
(g) Language(s) of publication
(h) Frequency of publication (weekly,
monthly, annual, etc.)
7. Examples of relevant national publications may be:
-
The Honeybee Newsletter, published by the Society for Research into Sustainable Technologies
and Institutions, Ahmedabad, India;
-
Le Voix du Paysan,
published by SAILD, Yaoundé, Cameroon;
-
The Indigenous Knowledge and Development Monitor, published by the Nuffic Centre for International
Research and Advisory Network; and
-
The Journal of Ethnopharmacology, published by Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd.
Inventory
of existing on-line traditional knowledge-related databases
8. WIPO
would appreciate receiving the following details of online databases concerning
traditional knowledge-related information:
(a) Internet address
(b) Database title
(c) Summary of content of database
(d) Name and
contact details of compiler(s) of database;
individual(s), institutions, communities, etc.
(e) Name and contact details of publisher(s) of database
(f) Approximate size of database:
i.e., number of entries
(g) Language of database
9. Examples of relevant databases may be:
-
http://www.taiga.net/webdata/aklaviktk/ - Sources of Documented Yukon North Slope
Traditional Knowledge;
-
http://www.nativeknowledge.org - Alaska Traditional Knowledge and Native Foods
Database;
-
http://www.umd.umich.edu/cgi-bin/herb - Native American Ethnobotany Database compiled by
the University of Michigan-Dearborn; and
-
http://ip.aaas.org/tekindex.nsf - TEKPAD (Traditional Ecological Knowledge Prior Art
Database).
10. Please send all relevant information to the Global
Intellectual Property Issues Division at
< grtkf@wipo.int > or at WIPO, 34, chemin des Colombettes, 1211,
Geneva 20 (Switzerland), Fax 41 22 338
8120.
11. Publications and on-line databases will, as far as possible
and as appropriate, be compiled into inventories that will be presented to the
third meeting of the Committee, to be held in Geneva from June 13 to 21,
2002. The inventories will also be
published on the WIPO web site at www.wipo.int.
12. It would be appreciated if all replies could be sent before
Friday, April 26, 2002.
[Annex II follows]
TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE-RELATED DATABASES
|
A
|
Database title.
|
|
B
|
Internet address.
|
|
C
|
Summary of content of
database.
|
|
D
|
Name & contact
details of compiler(s) and/or publisher(s) of database.
|
|
E
|
Approximate size of
database: i.e., number of entries.
|
|
F
|
Language(s) of database.
|
|
G
|
Other.
|
___________________________________________________________________________
The following databases, the
majority of which are available on-line, are listed in alphabetical order. An
initial emphasis has been placed on databases concerning Traditional Knowledge
related to the use and exploitation of components of biological diversity.
Please note that any web sites
listed below are for general informational use and their presence on this list
is not to be viewed as an endorsement by WIPO for any products or information
presented at these sites.
A
A AGRICOLA
(AGRICultural OnLine Access).
C AGRICOLA is a bibliographic database of
citations to the agricultural literature created by the National Agricultural
Library and its cooperators. The
database covers materials in all formats (journal articles, monographs, theses,
patents, software, audiovisual materials and technical reports) relating to all
aspects of agriculture, for the period from 1970 to the present.
D The National Agricultural Library 10301
Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, Maryland 20705
USA. Tel: (301) 504-5755.
E
F English.
G AGRICOLA is searchable on the World Wide
Web at http://www.nal.usda.gov/ag98
A AMED (Allied
and Complimentary Medicine Database).
C AMED is a unique bibliographic database
produced by the Health Care Information Service of the British Library for
anyone who needs to know more about alternatives to conventional medicine. Topics covered include: Ayurvedic medicine, Traditional Chinese
Medicine, Herbalism, etc..
D The British Library, 96 Euston Road,
London, NW1 2DB, UK. Tel: 44 (0)20 7412 7000,
E-mail: bruce.madge@bl.uk.
E More than
103,600 references to articles from around 512 journals.
F English.
G All records have basic bibliographic
information; many articles published from 1995 onwards have abstracts. Current policy is to include authors’
abstracts where available. AMED can be accessed: via the Internet, CD-ROM, online, or, as
current awareness publications, in print or via e-mail.
A ASTIS (The
Arctic Science and Technology Information System database).
C Publications and research projects about
northern Canada. Subject searches include Indigenous People, Botany, Zoology,
Medicine etc..
D ASTIS, Arctic Institute of North America,
University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 1N4. Tel: 403-220-4036, Fax: 403-282-4609, E-mail: rgoodwin@ucalgary.ca.
E Over 49,000
records.
F English,
French.
G
A Aboriginal
Plant Use in South-Eastern Australia.
C This web-site contains detailed notes and
a bibliography on plants used by Aboriginal peoples of south-eastern Australia.
D Australian National
Botanic Gardens, GPO Box 1777, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia, Tel: 02-62509450.
E
F English.
G
A Afrique
Orale, Archives sonores de la tradition orale.
C Le projet ARTO (ARchivage de la Tradition
Orale) a deux objectifs: Collecte,
archivage et diffusion de la tradition vivante;
rendre ces activités autonomes et durables. Les radios rurales enregistrent la tradition
vivante (enregistreur MD) et remplissent les bordereaux. Le coordonnateur national, après écoute avec
un membre du RILAC, grave les CD, extrait un court échantillon sonore, complète
le bordereau et envoie le disque et l’extrait sonore au centre sous-
régional. Les centres d ‘archivage
sous-régionaux (CERDOTOLA, CIDLO) archivent les CD et envoient les bordereaux
(après les avoir complétés) au CELHTO.
Le CELHTO introduit le bordereau dans le catalogue des Archives sonores
de la tradition orale (base de données).
D Centre d’études
lingusitiques et historiques par tradition orale (CELHTO), Niamey, Niger; Centre régional de recherche et de
documentation sur les traditions orales et pour le développement des langues
Africaines (CERDOTOLA), Yaoundé, Cameroun;
Centre d’investigation et de documentation sur l’oralité de l’Université
de l’Océan indien (CIDLO), Tananarive, Madagascar; CIERRO, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso; Réseau africain des radios rurales et locales (RER),
réseau régional basé à Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso; Réseau international des langues africa
(RILAC), Paris, France.
E
F French.
G Recherche sur : un titre : un auteur :
une langue : une rubrique (flore, santé, pharmacopée, techniques agropastorales
etc.) : un mot-clef.
A Agroforestree
Database.
C The Agroforestree Database provides
information on the management, use and ecology of a wide range of tree species
which can be used in agroforestry. It
includes a section on functional uses.
D International Centre for Research in
Agroforestry, PO Box 30677, Nairobi, Kenya.
Tel: 254 2 524000, via USA: 1 650 833 6645; Fax:
254 2 524001, via USA 1 650 833 6646, E-mail: ICRAF@cgiar.org.
E
F English.
G
A Alaska
Traditional Knowledge and Native Foods Database.
C The database contains information on
existing measures of contaminants in species of fish and animals harvested by
Alaska Natives, nutrition data harvest and consumption data, description of the
role of harvest and Native food consumption in communities and examples of
community initiatives taken in response to concerns about environmental change.
D Alaska Native Science Commission, 3211
Providence Drive, Anchorage, AK 99508; Institute of Social and Economic
Research, University of Alaska Anchorage, 3211 Providence Drive, Anchorage, AK
99508.
E
F English.
G
A American Folk
Medicine.
C For more than fifty years, folklorists
associated with the University of California, Los Angeles have systematically
documented beliefs and practices relating to folk medicine and alternative
healthcare. The term “folk” medicine
includes a variety of beliefs and practices such as home remedies, the
activities of traditional healers (e.g., burn doctor, curandero, traiteur,
powwower, and wise women). While the
emphasis is on American data, about one fifth of the material is from other
countries.
D The University of California, Los
Angeles.
E Approximately 1,000 medical conditions
and 80 kinds of traditional healers are represented.
F English.
G About 10% of the entries derive from
unpublished interviews. The majority of
the records were extracted from thousands of published works, both popular and
scientific, for which copyright release has been granted.
A Australian
New Crops, Listing of Useful Plants of the World.
C This Listing is intended as an aid for
those new crop entrepreneurs choosing new crops for research and development in
Australia. Each species included has
been associated somewhere in the world at some time in history with at least
one useful product. One use for this
Listing may be to identify those species which have recently attracted the
attention of the world’s research community.
The number of publications worldwide mentioning each of the species can
indicate the extent of the knowledge base currently available.
D Dr Rob Fletcher, School of Agriculture
and Horticulture, The University of Queensland Gatton, 4343, Australia.
Tel: 07 5460 1311 or 07 5460 1301,
Fax: 07 5460 1112; International
fax: 61 75460 1112, E-mail:
r.fletcher@mailbox.uq.edu.au.
E 4,200
species listed.
F English.
G Can search by
botanical name or common name.
A Ayurveda
Materia Medica.
C Ancient
Ayurvedic Herbs and their Traditional Uses.
D The Ayurvedic Institute, 11311 Menaul NE,
Albuquerque, New Mexico 87112 USA. Tel:
(1) 505-291-9698, Fax: (1)
505-294-7572.
E
F English.
G
A Ayurveda.
C This database has been established from
1992 onwards and is still under construction. Its purpose is to provide
Ayurvedic information about medicinal plants, which is not accessed easily
otherwise. Most of the botanical names are checked for their taxonomical
nomenclature, which might be different from the original source. The web site also includes a transliteration
of Sanskrit, according to the Harvard-Kyoto convention.
D Friso Smit, Department of Nutritional
Supplements, Numico Research, PO Box 7005 6700 CA Wageningen, The
Netherlands.
E
F English.
G
B
A BIOSIS
(Biological Abstracts).
C Bibliographic database. 1969 to present. Covers worldwide literature on all
biomedical, biological and botanical topics, including conferences and patents.
D USA office: Two Commerce Square, 2001 Market Street,
Suite 700, Philadelphia, PA 19103-7095 USA. Tel: 1-800-523-4806 (USA and Canada), 215-587-4800
(Worldwide), Fax: 215-587-2016,
E-mail: info@mail.biosis.org.
E Over 360,000 new citations each year.
Nearly 90% of citations include an abstract by the author. Almost 5.8 million
archival records are available back to 1980.
F English.
G
A Beijing
Database of Traditional Chinese Medicine.
C Produced since 1983 by the Scientific and
Technical Information Research Institute of the State Pharmaceutical
Administration of China (SPAC) in Beijing.
This database contains in the region of 40,000 references, approximately
half Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) and half western biomedicine.
D Scientific and Technical Information
Research Institute of the State Pharmaceutical Administration of China Beijing,
China.
E Approximately 40,000 references.
F
G The database is available electronically
either on magnetic tape or diskette; a
printed version, Chinese Pharmaceutical Abstracts, is published every two
months. The Institute also offers a
search service.
A The Botanic
Nomenclature for Agroforestry Database.
C The Botanic Nomenclature for Agroforestry
Database is a compilation of the taxonomic status of over 6000 woody and
herbaceous taxa found in agroforest ecosystems.
The database was prompted by the multiplicity of (mis)spellings and
synonyms emerging in agroforestry literature, and the need for consistency.
D International Centre for Research in
Agroforestry, PO Box 30677, Nairobi, Kenya.
Tel: 254 2 524000, via USA: 1 650 833 6645; Fax:
254 2 524001, via USA 1 650 833 6646, E-mail: ICRAF@cgiar.org.
E
F English.
G
A The Bush
Doctor’s Pharmacy.
C Surinam’s traditional medicine is
centuries old and based on the knowledge of the indigenous people of the Amazon
rainforest, the Amerindians and Maroons and Asian immigrants. This database contains information about the
application of certain plants and herbs in Surinam’s traditional medicine.
D TROPILAB® INC, 8240 Ulmerton Road, Largo,
Fl. 33771 - 3948. USA.
Tel: (727) 531 3538, Fax: (727) 530 4854.
E
F English.
G This list can also be viewed with the
Latin names of the plants.
C
A CAB HEALTH
Database.
C CAB HEALTH is a database specializing in
human nutrition, parasitic, communicable and tropical diseases and medicinal
plants. It provides access to abstracts
of the world’s research literature from 1973 to present with coverage of
English and foreign language journals, books, research reports, patents and
standards, dissertations, conference proceedings, annual reports, developing country
information and other difficult to obtain literature.
D United Kingdom Office: CABI Publishing, CAB International,
Wallingford, Oxfordshire, OX10 8DE,
U.K.. Tel: 44 1491 832111, Fax: 44 1491 829292,
E-mail: orders@cabi.org.
E The database contains over 860,000
records with 45,000 records added annually.
F English.
G Virtually every word is searchable,
allowing for easy access to this important collection of references to
international human health and diseases literature.
A CBMDisc.
C Biomedical
Literature
D Institute of Medical Information, China
Academy of Medical Sciences.
E Contains about 2,000,000 records. The source
material for the database is drawn from 1,000 of biomedical journals published
in China and academy conferences since 1979.
F
G
H
A CCMD.
C CCMD is a database for common Chinese
Herbs. It was developed between
1980-1985 and contains about 500 commonly used Chinese Herbs with their
detailed information: botanical, chemical, clinical, usage, etc..
D Professor Wing-Kay KAN, PhD, CEng, MIEEE,
MBCS, DIC, Associate Professor, Dept. of Computer Science & Engineering,
Associate Director, Chinese Medicinal Material Research Center, Rm1019, ENG
Building, Chinese University, Shatin, Hong Kong, SAR of China. Tel: 852 26098437, Fax: 852 26035024, E-mail: wkkan@cs.cuhk.hk.
E Approximately
500 entries.
F
G CCMD is also
now stored in a UNIX/ORA CLE platform for open search.
A CHIMERA.
C CHIMERA is a database of the toxicology
and adverse effects of Chinese Medicines and Natural Foods. The database was started in 1993 with support
from the Groucher Foundation. This multimedia database contains symptoms and
case reports of the toxicological effects of Chinese Herbs and Medicines from
various sources, such as books, journals, hospitals and government.
D Professor Wing-Kay KAN, PhD, CEng, MIEEE,
MBCS, DIC, Associate Professor, Dept. of Computer Science & Engineering,
Associate Director, Chinese Medicinal Material Research Center, Rm1019, ENG
Building, Chinese University, Shatin, Hong Kong, SAR of China. Tel: 852-26098437, Fax: 852-26035024, E-mail: wkkan@cs.cuhk.hk.
E The prototype of the database has already
been released containing about 2,000 reports for nearly 300 herbs/medicines.
F
G The system is a client/server based
system, distributed to users for direct access of the information at their
sites. The second stage of the CHIMERA
database project will be the enhancement of the knowledge and search
techniques.
A CIKARD International Documentation
Abstracts.
C One of the major purposes of the Center
for Indigenous Knowledge for Agriculture and Rural Development (CIKARD) is to
identify, organize, and manage the literature and all appropriate ethnographic
descriptions relating to indigenous knowledge for agricultural and rural
development. At present, the Center holds
a significant number of the key papers and reports on this area of
specialization. Plans to make this
database available on-line via Columbia University’s Center for International
Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN) are underway. In the meantime, requests for materials
should be made to CIKARD.
D CIKARD, 318 Curtiss Hall, Iowa Sate
University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA.
Tel: 1-515-294-0938, Fax: 1-515-294-6058.
E
F English.
G The Center utilizes PRO-CITE, a
bibliographic software package, for cataloguing, indexing, storage, and
retrieval of its holdings.
A CIOFF Index
of Folklore Magazines.
C CIOFF, the International Council of
Organizations for Folklore Festivals and Folk Art, is an international
non-governmental organization (NGO) in formal consultative relations with
UNESCO. Created in 1970, the duty of
CIOFF is safeguarding, promotion and diffusion of traditional culture and
folklore. CIOFF members (National
Sections) are present in more than 75 countries on all continents.
D CIOFF, UNESCO House, 1, rue Miollis,
F-75732 Paris, Cedex 15.
Tel: 33-1-45 682 553, Fax: 33-1-43 068 798.
E The Index contains information on more
than 200 magazines on folklore from about 50 countries.
F Arabic, Chinese, English, French, German,
Russian, and Spanish.
G Every magazine is recorded on a specific
form with the following information:
title, editor’s address, language(s) of publication, description of
topics (contents), number of annual editions, usual number of pages, average
subscription cost and possibility of free trading with an equivalent
magazine. The index will shortly be
published on-line.
A Chemical
Abstracts.
C Bibliographic database. 1907 to present. Covers journals, patents, conferences,
technical reports, books, and dissertations.
Specific subjects include chemistry, medicine, pharmaceuticals,
agriculture, plant science, food science, natural products and botanicals,
biochemistry, chemical and genetic engineering, and nutrition.
D Chemical Abstracts Service, 2540
Olentangy River Road, P.O. Box 3012, Columbus, Ohio 43210, U.S.A.. Tel:
1-614-447-3600, Fax: 1-614-447-3713, Email:
help@cas.org.
E Abstracts
for more than 21 million documents are accessible on-line.
F English.
G
A Cherokee Messenger - Native American
Herbal Remedies.
C A short collection of Native American
herbal remedies.
D Cherokee Cultural Society, 4407 Rose
Street, Houston, TX 77007, U.S.A..
E
F English.
G
A Chinese
Medical Current Contents.
B
C Chinese Biomedicine Journal Articles. Contains more than 1,300,000 references that
drawn from over 1,100 kinds of Chinese biomedical journals published in China
since 1994. Contains the following
fields: Chinese title, English title, author, address, derivation, key word,
abstract, reference.
D Medical Library of the Chinese People’s
Liberation Army.
E Contains more than 1,300,000 references.
F
G The database is available on CD-ROM.
A Commonly-Used Traditional
Chinese Medicines.
C The file contains 732 records.
Each record represents a single traditional Chinese medicine. Contains the following fields: photograph of a drug, category, common name,
Latin name, and other synonyms of the drug, source, producing area, characteristic,
collection and processing, configuration, property and function, annotations.
D Chinese
Academy of Science.
E The file contains 732
records.
F
G
A Crane Herb
Company.
C Crane Herb Company claims to be the
world’s largest distributor of Chinese herbs, herbal formulas and acupuncture
supplies. Over 5,500 herbal products contained in this site, which is
searchable via multiple routes.
D Crane Herb Company. “This web site is
provided for your personal, non-commercial use only. By using this site, you
agree not to reproduce, duplicate, copy, sell, resell or exploit for any
commercial purposes, any information accessed through this web site”.
E Over 5,500
herbal products.
F English
G Contains information on Chinese names and
detailed English equivalents and alternate names for multi-component formulas,
by percentage of total composition, presented in tabular format.
D
A Dr. Duke’s Phytochemical and
Ethnobotanical Databases.
C Collection of ethnobotanical uses and
chemical activity of plants. Includes
the Tico Ethnobotanical Dictionary.
D James A. Duke, Ethnobotanist, The Herbal
Village, 8210 Murphy Road, Fulton, Maryland, USA 20759. E-mail: jimduke@cpcug.org. Published by the United States Department of
Agriculture, Washington, D.C. 20250.
E
F English.
G
E
A ECOPORT.
C EcoPort is established to
promote educational and research uses of biology information. Each EcoPort
record is presented as an interactive, hypertext-linked description in
multi-media compendium format and style.
D ECOPORT runs under the auspices of the
University of Florida, the Food and
Agricultural Organization of the United Nations, and the National Museum of
National History, the Smithsonian Institution.
“Please acknowledge individual authors and www.ecoport.org”.
E
F English.
G The information contained in this system
is presented and maintained as a global public good. It is not in the public domain. It is offered for educational purposes and is
owned by the institutions and individuals who contribute and maintain the data.
A EMBASE.com.
C EMBASE.com contains the entire EMBASE
database (bibliographic database of the world’s biomedical and drug literature)
plus unique MEDLINE records back to 1966.
D Elsevier Science, Secondary Publishing
Division, 650 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10011, U.S.A.. Tel: 1 (800) 457-3633 (toll-free); 1 (212) 633-3980,
Fax: 1 (212) 633-3975, E-mail: help@embase.com.
E More than 13
million records.
F English.
G
A ENDA List of
Medicinal Plants.
C ENDA tiers-monde s’est attaché depuis
1972 à développer des approches participatives conciliant étroitement la
recherche, l’action et la formation, afin d’accompagner les populations dans
leurs stratégies de lutte contre la pauvreté.
Depuis 1988, le programme santé de ENDA, appuyé par la coopération
autrichienne et IIZ, s’est attaché à la valorisation de l’utilisation des
plantes médicinales, et à la promotion de la médecine traditionnelle pour
répondre aux orientations majeures qu’il s’est fixées comme objectifs à
atteindre.
D Programme Plantes Médicinales &
Médecine Traditionnelle, Ecopole Ouest Africaine, Rue Felix Eboué enda tiers
monde, BP 3370 Dakar, Sénégal, Tel: 0221
822 96 95
Fax: 0221 823 66 17, E-mail:
endaste@enda.sn.
E Liste de 28 Plantes: Nom Scientifique; Noms vernaculaires; Répartition Géographique; Utilisation populaire; Utilisation chez les guérisseurs; Emplois et Posologies; Références Bibliographiques.
F French,
Pulaar, Wolof.
G Langues disponibles pour la
recherche: French, Wolof, Pulaar, Serer,
Diola, Bambara, Mandingue, Djerma, Haoussa, Moré.
A Economic Botany Bibliographic Database.
C This databases contains over 160,000
literature references covering the uses of plants from around the world
(excluding major crop species) and is searchable by species, vernacular names,
geographical area, uses and/or properties.
D Centre for Economic Botany, Royal Botanic
Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3AE, United Kingdom. Fax: 44 (0)20 8332 5768, E-mail: ceb-enq@rbgkew.org.uk
E Over 160,000 literature references.
F English.
G EBBD will be available as an on-line free
resource towards the end of 2003. At
present, it offers a search facility at:
E-mail: ceb-enq@rbgkew.org.uk or Fax:
44 (0)20 8332 5768.
A Effective Composition of
Traditional Chinese Medicine.
C The file contains 584 records. Each record represents a single
composition and contains the following fields:
name of a single effective composition, and its other synonyms, chemical
name, chemical formula, molecular formula, clinical application, composition
classification, characteristic, source, action, references, classification by
application.
D Chinese
Academy of Science.
E The file contains 584
records.
F
G
A Ethnobotany and Cultural Resources of the
Washington State Department of Transportation.
C Contains a condensed extraction from a
list of references on the uses of western Washington plants by a wide variety
of cultures. The plants are listed by
scientific name and common name. The
plants are initially listed as those found at cultural sites along the
right-of-way previous to highway safety improvements in the state of
Washington.
D Washington State Department of
Transportation. Contact: Sandie Turner,
E-mail: TurnerS@wsdot.wa.gov.
E
F English.
G
A Ethnoecology Database of the Greater Southwest.
C The Baca Institute of Ethnobotany is a
non profit educational organization dedicated to the preservation, collection,
and research of the indigenous environmental knowledge and the cultural
diversity of the southwestern United States and northern Mexico.
D The Anthropology Department, Fort Lewis
College, 1000 Rim Drive, Durango, Colorado. Tel: 81301 3999, 970 247 7511, Fax: 970-247-7484.
E
F English.
G Search for plants by their common
names; literature and bibliographic
information pertaining to Ethnobotany;
the Traditional Ecological Knowledge of the Southwest; plant related
insects, pollinators and pathogens;
natural dyes and fibers made from plants; plants by use etc..
F
A FITOCIENCIA.
C Medicinal Plant Database of the
Asociación Argentina de Fitomedicina.
D Asociación Argentina de Fitomedicina.
E
F Spanish.
G
A FITOMED –
Base de Datos de Plantas Medicinales Cuban.
C Es la base de datos de textos que ofrece
información acerca de las Plantas Medicinales que han sido evaluadas por el
Ministerio de Salud Publica de la Republica de Cuba para su uso dentro del Plan
Nacional de Asistencia Médica. Contiene información sobre el origen,
localización, parte útil, forma de recolección y cultivo, efectos medicinales
evaluados, preparacion y posologia, advertencias, nombre cientifico, etc..
D Director:
Lic. Pedro Urra González, Dirección: Calle 27 No.110 e/ M y N, Vedado,
CP: 10400, Ciudad de La Habana, Cuba. Teléfonos: (537) 832 1991, Fax: (537) 33 3063,
E-mail: urra@infomed.sld.cu.
E
F Spanish.
G
A Fiji Museum Collection - Oral history database.
B E-mail: fijimuseum@is.com.fj.
C The
Fiji Museum has an Oral history database which has interviews with tribal
Elders and academic research on a wide variety of social and cultural topics,
including information relating to musical instruments (pan-pipes, nose-flute
(dulali)), lali (wooden slit drum), Conch shell (davui ni valu - for wartime -
the tunes associated with it), old chants for dances and ceremonial rites. Many
of these instruments or music were out-lawed by the missionaries and now are
totally unknown to current generation. They Museum is in the process of
collecting information relating to traditional medicinal knowledge.
D Jone
Naucabalavu, Field Officer, c/o: Fiji
Museum, P O Box 2023, Govt Bldgs, Suva, Fiji. E-mail: fijimuseum@is.com.fj.
E
F Collections
in several languages. The majority are in Fijian, Fijian-Hindi, English.
G
A Fishbase.
C Fishbase is a global information system
on fishes with fish information to cater to different professionals such as
research scientists, fisheries managers, zoologists and many more. Fishbase contains species, synonyms, common
names, pictures and references. Fishbase
was developed at the International Centre for Living Aquatic Resources
Management (ICLARM) in collaboration with the Food and Agricultural
Organisation of the United Nations (FAO) and many other partners and with support
from the European Commission.
D Froese, R and D. Pauly, Editors 2002
Fishbase.
E 25,945 species, 73,300 synonyms, 118, 825
common names, 30,740 pictures, 24,795 references.
F English.
G Available also on CD-ROM.
G
A GBIF.
C The purpose of The Global Biodiversity
Information Facility (GBIF) is to coordinate the standardization, digitization
and global dissemination (within an appropriate property rights framework) of
the world’s biodiversity data. The GBIF
web site currently contains, inter alia,
over 60 links to global biodiversity databases and information systems
(taxonomic and thematic databases) and over regional and national biodiversity
databases and information systems.
D The Secretariat of the Global
Biodiversity Information Facility, c/o Zoological Museum, University of
Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark. Fax: 45-35 32 14 80.
E
F English
G
A GRIN.
C The Germplasm Resources Information
Network (GRIN) web server provides germplasm information about plants, animals,
microbes and invertebrates. GRIN
taxonomic data provide the structure and nomenclature for the accessions of the
US National Plant Germplasm System (NPGS). Many plants (37,000 taxa, 14,000
genera) are included in GRIN taxonomy, especially economic plants.
D This program is within the U.S.
Department of Agriculture’s Agricultural Research Service.
E 37,000 taxa, 14,000 genera.
F English, Portuguese, Spanish.
G
A Gernot Katzer’s Spice Pages.
C Contains multiple indices for more than
100 different spice plants. Site
includes names in 40 different modern languages, botanical names, origin,
history, etymology, chemical constituents, parts used, mixtures, and
photographs.
D Compiled by Gernot Katzer, Institut für
Chemie, Strassoldogasse 10, A-8010 Graz, Austria. Tel: 43 (316) 380-5514, E-mail: gernot.katzer@kfunigraz.ac.at.
E 113 spice plants covered at present.
F English, German.
G
H
A Healthwell.
C An extensive list of herbs that can be
searched by their botanical (Latin) name or by their common name. Results include a section on, “Historical or
Traditional Use”.
D New Hope Natural Media, a division of
Penton Media, Inc., publisher of natural products magazines and producer of
natural products tradeshows and conferences.
E
F English.
G
A Herbasin Herb Database.
C An on-line
database of Chinese Herbs.
D Herbasin (Shenyang) Co., Ltd. A professional company specializing in herb,
herbal extracts, and natural herbal remedies working together with HealthLand Supplies
Ltd. (since 1992) and Herbasin Hilsdorf GmbH.
E 1036 Chinese
Herbs listed.
F English.
G Can be
searched by Latin Name, Chinese Pinyin Name and English Name.
A Herbage:
Global Botanical Exchange.
C This database of Holistic information was
collected over an ten-year period.
Browse by: affected body area,
common name, indigenous use, etc..
D Tim Johnson.
E-mail: holisticopia@yahoo.com.
E Over 29,000
species.
F English.
G The global botanical exchange is, in
effect, the on-line, searchable version of the CRC Ethnobotany Desk
Reference. It was launched on March 14,
2002.
A HerbMed
C HerbMed is an interactive, electronic
herbal database providing hyper-linked access to the scientific data underlying
the use of herbs for health, including a section on ‘Ethnobotanical Uses’. It is an evidence-based information resource
for professionals, researchers, and general public.
D HerbMed is a project of the Alternative
Medicine Foundation, Inc, 5411 W. Cedar Lane, Suite 205-A, Bethesda, MD 20814.
Tel: 301-581-0116, Fax: 301-581-0119,
E-mail: amfi@amfoundation.org.
E
F English.
G HerbMed is provided as a
freely available, public resource. An
enhanced version of HerbMed is available for licensing.
A Herbal Medicine
Databases.
C Meta-directory of World
Wide Web Herbal Medicine Database links.
D Site maintained by the
Holistic Medicine Resource Center.
E Links to over 30 Herbal
Medicine Databases
F English
G
A Herbs Index.
C Specific Herbs used in Traditional
Medicine (largely Traditional Chinese Medicine)
D Institute for Traditional Medicine (ITM),
2017 SE Hawthorne Blvd., Portland, Oregon 97214, Tel: (503) 233-4907, Fax: (503) 233-1017, E-mail: itm@itmonline.org.
E
F English.
G
A HolisticOnline.com.
C Contains listing of more than 2,000 herbs
retrievable by common name or scientific name.
Individual records provide multiple synonyms, historical details,
botanical descriptions of species and parts used, therapeutic applications,
dosages.
D Developed and maintained by ICBS, Inc.
(International Cyber Business Services, Inc., Ohio).
E More than
2000 herbs.
F English.
G
A Honeybee Innovation Database.
C A database on grassroot innovations &
contemporary/traditional innovative practices.
D The Society for Research and Initiatives
for Sustainable Technologies and Institutions (SRISTI), SRISTI Innovations,
B/2, Srtkishna Apartments, Near Lad Society, Vastrapur, Ahmedabad 380 015.
E
F English.
G
I
A ICONS 2002.
B
C Compilation of sources, periodicals and
organizations in the field of indigenous knowledge, community based
conservation, conservation biology and ecology.
D Preston Hardison, ICONS Project for
Community-based conservation projects,
E-mail: pdh@u.washington.edu. Published by Darien
Information Systems.
E
F English.
G Available on CR-ROM.
A ILEIADOC.
C ILEIA operates a library and maintains
ILEIADOC, an electronic database of ILEIA’s documents. There is a strong
emphasis on gray literature, not easily retrievable elsewhere. ILEIA encourages authors from the South to
produce articles. Areas covered include:
small-scale farming, traditional farming, indigenous agricultural knowledge,
farmer experimentation, experiences of small-scale information centers on
agriculture.
D ILEIA is a Center for
Information on Low External Input Sustainable Agriculture: http://www.ileia.org/default.asp.
E About 9,000 records in the field of low
external input and sustainable agriculture. Out of the total number of records,
some 20 % have an abstract added to their description.
F Web Site in Dutch and English. Allows for searches for a specific language
of the publication.
G ILEIADOC is indexed using the SATIS
(Socially Appropriate Technology Information Services) classification.
A INMEDHERB.
C A Database of Indian Medicinal
Herbs. This database is not intended to
be used for medicinal purposes, but rather as an index of which active
substances are found in certain Indian medicinal herbs.
D This database is primarily authored by
Martin Lomas as a dissertation for the MRes Bioinformatics course at Leeds
University.
E
F English.
G
A INMEDPLAN.
C. The Foundation for Revitalisation of Local
Health Traditions was formed to document, save and encourage the continued
usage of India’s rich ethno-botanical tradition. The Foundation also acts as the Network
Secretariat for the database, Inmedplan, which is a network on nine main
agencies spread across India, collecting information in botany, ecology,
phytochemistry, pharmacology, pharmacognosy, ethno-medicine, bibliography and
abstracts, agrotechnology and traditional systems of medicine.
D Foundation for Revitalisation of Local
Health Traditions, No. 50, 2nd Stage, 3rd Main, M.S.H. Layout, Anand Nagar,
Bangalore 560 024. Contact Mr. Ravi Chander.
Tel: (080) 3336909, Fax: 91-80-3334167, E-mail: inmed@frlht.ernet.in.
E
F
G Currently, INMEDPLAN is an offline
distributed network with links to other major international databases. INMEDPLAN will provide online access once
user demand reaches a viable level.
A IOPI - International Organization for
Plant Information.
C The International Organization for Plant
Information (IOPI) manages a series of co-operative international projects that
aim to create databases of plant taxonomic information. IOPI
Projects include: a Global Plant
Checklist; a Species Plantarum
Project; and a Database of Plant
Databases. The Database of Plant Databases may refer to databases that contain
ethno-botanical information in particular relating to the medicinal uses of
plants.
D IOPI is the International Organization
for Plant Information. This organization came into being on September 20th,
1991, at a meeting at the Australian
National Botanic Gardens, Canberra, hosted by the Australian Biological
Resources Study. IOPI is a Commission of
the International Union of Biological Sciences (IUBS) and a member of Species
2000. E-mail: iopi@iopi.csu.edu.au.
E
F English.
G
A IT IS, the Integrated Taxonomic
Information System.
C IT IS contains authoritative taxonomic
information on plants, animals, and microbes of North America and the
world. Includes an application to match
lists of taxa to the IT IS Database.
D IT IS is partnership of U.S., Canadian,
and Mexican agencies (ITIS-North America); other organizations; and taxonomic specialists. ITIS is also a partner of Species 2000 and
the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF).
E
F English
G Wide variety of searches possible. For instance, can carry out a scientific name
search with common names and vice versa;
can view a listing, from a single kingdom, of scientific names in
hierarchical order; can search and view
information associated with each publication, source or scientific name
associated with ITIS information.
A Indigenous knowledge database.
C This database by the World Bank provides
the users with quick access to a collection of indigenous/traditional practices
and the possibility to contribute new cases and to comment. All practices are summarized. For further inquiry and study, references to
a more detailed description of the practice are included. This database is a work in progress.
D Information provided largely via the
global network of indigenous knowledge centers and published by the World Bank
Group.
Contact: Nicolas Gorjestani: ngorjestani@worldbank.org
or
Reinhard Woytek: rwoytek@worldbank.org.
E
F Complete Database available only in
English. Examples are available in
French, Hausa, Portuguese, Swahili and Wolof.
G
J
A JICST-Eplus.
B
C JICST-Eplus, Japanese Science &
Technology is a comprehensive bibliographic database covering literature
published in Japan from all fields of science, technology, and medicine.
D Japan Science and Technology Corporation
(JST), Information Center for Science and Technology (JICST), 5-3, Yonbancho,
Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 102, Japan.
Tel: 81 3 5214 8413, Fax: 81 3 5214 8410.
E JICST-EPlus covers over 6,000 journals
and serials, in addition to conference papers, preprints, technical reports and
other non-periodicals published by the Japanese government or local
governments. More than 4,381,935
citations.
F Japanese, English.
G
M
A MAROWINA Database.
C This database shows the use of medicinal
plants and herbs for specific disorders and conditions as used for many centuries
by the Maroons, Amerindians and Asian immigrants in Suriname.
D TROPILAB INC, 8240 Ulmerton Road, Largo,
Fl. 33771 3948. USA.
Tel: (727) 531 3538, Fax: (727) 530 4854.
E
F English.
G
A MEDLINE
C MEDLINE is the National Library of
Medicine’s premier bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine,
nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the health care system, and the
pre-clinical sciences.
D National Library of Medicine, 8600
Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA.
E 11 million indexed journal citations and
abstracts now covering nearly
4,500 journals published in the
United States and more than 70 other countries.
F English.
G Available for on-line searching since
1971, MEDLINE includes references to articles indexed from 1966 to the present.
A Medical
Botany Databases.
C Two databases have been prepared for
educational purposes. The first contains
common uses, actions, and components for over 170 herbs. The second is a collection of drug names,
their action or clinical use, and the plant from which the drug is derived.
D Missouri
Botanical Garden, P.O. Box 299, St. Louis, MO 63166-0299.
E
F English.
G
A Medicinal
Herbs On-line
C Web site created to assist and educate
users “about the often forgotten wisdom of the old ways or treating
illnesses”. For thousands of herbs, the
site provides botanical names, common names and synonyms, descriptions of plants
and parts used, medicinal properties and uses, biochemical information,
formulas or dosages, legends and myths, warnings, and bibliographies.
D Most of the research conducted by Joyce
L. Herzog.
E
F English.
G
A Medicinal
Plants Catalogue.
C A Directory
of 600 Indian Medicinal Plants with their uses.
D Vedic Lifesciences, 118 Morya House, Off
Andheri Malad Link Road, Andheri W, Mumbai 400053. India. Tel: 91 22 6358698, 6939757, Fax:
6358820,
E-mail: vedic@ayuherbal.com.
E
F Web site in
English, French, German and Spanish.
G Search by
Latin names.
A Medicinal
Plants in Taiwan, Province of China, Provinc of China.
B
C Database of medicinal plants in Taiwan, Province of
China. Contains the following fields: botanical
name, scientific name, and other synonyms of a plant, distribution, species, growing
area, parts of the plant for medicinal use, properties, efficacy, and
indication.
D Fujian
College of Traditional Chinese Medicine.
E The file contains 1028 records. Each record represents a
single plant.
F
G
A Medicinal
Plants of the Quijos - Quichua Shamen, Ecuador.
C Species,
Family and Vernacular index of the medicinal plants used by shamen in
Amazonian Ecuador. The base for the fieldwork was the Jatun
Sacha Biological
Reserve, located close to the
Napo river near the small town of Tena.
D Charlie Butterworth, Magdalena
Ponce-Martinez. “I would like to thank the following people and organisations
for their assistance: shamen Domingo Andi & Sebastian Albarado for sharing
their knowledge …’. Published by: Iowa State University.
E
F English.
G
A Mekong AquaBase.
C An Integrated Local-Scientific Knowledge
Base for a Participatory Decision Support System on Aquatic Resources and
Environmental Management in Mekong Region.
D M. Ataur Rahman, Ph.D. Candidate,
Department of Geography, Faculty of Environmental Studies, University of
Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1, Tel: (519) 885-1211 ext. 5488, Fax: (519) 746-0658,
E-mail: marahman@fes.uwaterloo.ca.
E
F English.
G
A A Modern
Herbal.
C Originally published in 1931. Over 800 varieties of medicinal, culinary,
and cosmetic herbs, including economic properties, cultivation and folklore.
D Mrs. M.
Grieve.
E 860 page
text containing more than 800 varieties.
F English.
G Can search by: Plant & Herb Index (more than 800
varieties of herbs & plants); a word
search of the 860 page text; a listing
of 29 plants that include recipes; a
listing of 44 plants that are listed as poisonous.
A Mountain
Voices.
C This website presents interviews with
over 300 people who live in mountain and highland regions round the world.
Their testimonies offer a personal perspective on change and development. Themes covered include: Agriculture, Community, Environmental
Knowledge, Forestry, Livestock, Spiritual Beliefs and Traditional Skills.
D Panos London, 9 White Lion St, London N1
9PD, United Kingdom. Tel: 44 (0)20 7278 1111, Fax: 44 (0)20 7278 0345, E-mail: panos@panoslondon.org.uk. For detail of Panos
offices worldwide, see the Panos website : http://www.panos.org.uk.
E
F English.
G Since 1991, the Panos Institute has been
training and working with local organisations, often with limited or no
experience of testimony collection, accessing the views and experiences of
those usually excluded from the development debate and often marginalised by
illiteracy, poverty, gender, disability, caste, religion or ethnic identity.
Collections have been gathered from communities in India, Nepal, Peru, Kenya,
Ethiopia, Mexico, China, etc..
N
A NAPRALERT (NAtural PRoducts ALERT).
C The NAPRALERT File contains bibliographic
and factual data on natural products, including information on the
pharmacology, biological activity, taxonomic distribution, ethno-medicine and
chemistry of plant, microbial, and animal (including marine) extracts. It contains records from 1650 to the present.
D Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS), a
division of the American Chemical Society, Columbus, Ohio, USA. E-mail:
help@cas.org.
E More than 162,285 bibliographic records
containing information for over 137,340 natural products and 156,695 organisms.
F English.
G This database is available in STN Easy.
A NTRAP (The Database of Natural &
Traditional Pesticidal Materials Pest Control in Sub-Saharan East Africa).
C This database covers both natural
products used, and with potential uses, for crop protection in sub-Saharan East
Africa. The majority of these products
are botanicals.
D Contact Dr. Richard E. Ford, Executive
Director, CICP, N417 Turner Hall, University of Illinois, 1102 S. Goodwin
Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
E
F English.
G Consortium for International Crop
Protection (CICP) is a non-profit organization, formed in 1978 by a group of
U.S. universities. Its principal purpose
is to assist developing nations reduce food crop losses caused by pests while
also safe-guarding the environment.
A The National Institute of Ayurvedic
Medicine’s medicinal plant page.
C Medicinal Plant Page with Latin name,
Sanskrit name and main indications in Ayurveda.
D The National Institute of Ayurvedic
Medicine, 584 Milltown Road Brewster, New York 10509, USA. Tel: 845-278-8700, Fax: 845-278-8215.
E
F English.
G
A Native Americans and the Environment.
C The NAE Database covers the following
topics: environmental justice; ethnoscience studies (e.g. ethnobotany,
ethnoastronomy, ethnogeography);
conservation and management policy;
traditional environmental knowledge and environmental worldview; traditional, historical and contemporary
natural resource utilization;
traditional foods and their nutrition etc..
D Largely researched and written by Dr. Alx
Dark, an anthropologist.
E Over 2,200 print and on-line citations.
F English.
G In the spring of 2001, the NAE site was
donated to the National Library for Science and the Environment, where it is
now managed by the Minority Communities Program of the National Council for
Science and the Environment.
A Native American Ethnobotany Database.
C Collection of uses of foods, drugs, dyes,
fibers and other plant parts employed by Native Americans.
D Created by Dan Moerman, Professor of
Anthropology at the University of Michigan-Dearborn, 4901 Evergreen Road,
Dearborn, Michigan 48128, U.S.A..
Tel: 313.593.5000.
E The current edition contains over 47,000
entries including food, drug, dye, fibres and other types of plants from 291
Native American groups.
F English.
G
A NativeTech: Native American Technology
and Art – Plants and Trees.
C An on-line description of certain plants
and trees used as traditional medicines, foods and teas.
D NativeTech - http://www.nativetech.org/
E
F English.
G
A New Century Nutrition.com.
C Traditional Chinese Herbal Formula
Library - Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People’s Republic
of China.
D Compiled by Paracelsian, Inc. Science
Staff. New Century Nutrition, a division
of Paracelsian, Inc, 95 Brown rd #1005, Ithaca, New York, 14850, U.S.A..
Tel: 607-257-4224, E-mail: webmaster@paracelsian.com.
E More than 300 listings.
F English.
G Search by Chinese Pinyin, Health
Condition.
A New Century Nutrition.com.
C Traditional Chinese Single Herbs Library
- Chinese Materia Medica - Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health,
People’s Republic of China.
D Compiled by Paracelsian, Inc. Science
Staff. New Century Nutrition, a division
of Paracelsian, Inc, 95 Brown rd #1005, Ithaca, New York, 14850, USA..
Tel: 607-257-4224, E-mail: webmaster@paracelsian.com.
E More than 500 listings.
F English.
G Search by: Chinese Pinyin; Latin Name;
Common Name; Health Condition.
A NewCROP.
C Online since 1995, NewCROP (New Crops
Resource Online Program) is an information-rich site related to crop plants.
Includes: CropINDEX A list of scientific
and common names of crops for information access; CropSEARCH A search engine to access crop
information based upon key words such as crop names or authors; CropREFERENCE Books and manuals on crops.
D Center for New Crops & Plant
Products, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-1165. U.S.A.. Fax: 765-494-0391.
E
F English.
G
P
A PAM (Plantas
Aromáticas e Medicinais).
C InfoHerbs resume informação sobre as
propriedades medicinais, aplicações terapêuticas, e aspectos ecológicos
referentes a cerca de 600 plantas aromáticas e medicinais. Este site contém
ainda informação referente ao cultivo de cerca de 30 plantas vulgarmente cultivadas
pelas suas propriedades medicinais.
D Domingos
Almeida, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro,
E-mail: dalmeida@utad.pt;
Luís Alves, Eng. Agrícola,
Fundação de Serralves, E-mail:
lalves@esoterica.pt.
E 600 plants.
F Portuguese.
G Search by: Plant Name; Family Name;
Use of Plant; Medicinal
Properties; Active Compound.
A PHARMEL, Banque de données de Médecine
traditionelle et Pharmacopée.
C Banque de données de Médecine
traditionelle et Pharmacopée, 2md Edition (1994).
D Adjanohoun E., Cusset G., Issa LO, Keita
A., Le Bras M., Lejoly J.. l’Agence de
Coopération Culturelle et Technique (ACCT) and the Universite Libre de Bruxelles,
Laboratoire de Botanique Systématique et de Phytosociologie CP 169, 50 Avenue
F. Roosevelt, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgique. E-mail:
jlejoly@ulb.ac.be
E Cette banque de données référence 19,691
recettes en pharmacopée traditionnelle issues de 24 pays essentiellement
africains tirées de 51 références bibliographiques importantes (4000 plantes
médicinales mentionnées).
F French.
G
A PHYTO - la
base de donnees des plantes medicinales.
C PHYTO est la base de données sur internet
donnant des informations scientifiques détaillées sur les plantes à usage
médicinal et sur la phytothérapie. Avec
ses nouvelles rubriques, ses monographies et un grand nombre de photographies
illustrant les plantes sélectionnées, PHYTO est un outil indispensable pour
quiconque s’intéresse aux multiples usages thérapeutiques des plantes
médicinales.
D PHYTO présente les données scientifiques
de l’Institut de Pharmacognosie et Phytochimie (IPP) de l’Université de
Lausanne, placé sous la direction du Prof. K. Hostettmann. ASTRAL SA, Société du Groupe OFAC, Rue
Pedro-Meylan 7, Case Postale 142, CH 1211 Genève 17, Suisse. Tél: 41 (0)22 718 96 40, Fax:
41 (0)22 718 96 41, E-mail:
info@astral.ch.
E
F French,
German.
G
A PLANMEDI - Plantas Medicinais.
C Medicinal Plants of Brazil.
D Universidade de Sao Paulo.
E
F Portuguese.
G Results give: Scientific Name; Common Name;
and Therapeutic Uses.
A PLANTS National Database.
C The PLANTS Database is a single source of
standardized information about plants.
This database focuses on vascular plants, mosses, liverworts, hornworts,
and lichens of the U.S. and its territories.
The PLANTS Database maintains and generates data reports in specialized
areas, including culturally significant plants.
D United States Department of Agriculture,
National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA.
E
F English.
G
A PRELUDE - Database on traditional
veterinary medicine plants in sub-Saharan Africa.
C This database contains information on
thousands of plants used for treating animals in rural areas in different
regions of Africa. Each listing includes, among other things, the
plant’s botanical name, the
African countries where the plant is used for veterinary purposes, and the
animal diseases it is used for. The database is intended for researchers,
veterinarians, and educators.
D Jean Lehmann, Laboratoire de botanique
médicale de l’Université de Louvain, Institut Carnoy, 4 place Croix du Sud,
1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium. Tel: 32
10 473 421 or 309, Fax: 32 10 473 471,
E-mail: lehmann@fynu.ucl.ac.be.
E
F English, French.
G The information stored in the database is
derived from scientific articles, books, conference reports, and reports specifically
addressed to the PRELUDE sub-network
‘Health, animal production, and
environment’. The database is constantly
being expanded.
A PROSEA (Plant
Resources of South-East Asia).
C The PROSEA Databank is the basic product
of the PROSEA programme. PROSEA is a non-profit international agency officially
established as a Foundation in 1990 in Bogor, Indonesia, to disseminate
information on plant resources of Southeast Asia. It is targeted at those professionally
concerned with plant resources in South-East Asia and working in education,
extension work, research and commercial production and at those in South-East
Asia depending directly on plant resources, obtaining relevant information
through extension.
D Wageningen University
(WU), Haarweg 333, PO Box 341, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands. Tel: (31-317) 484587, Fax:
(31-317) 482206,
E-mail: prosea@pros.agro.wau.nl.
E
F English.
G The PROSEA Network consists of the PROSEA
Network Office, situated in Bogor, Indonesia, coordinating the activities of 6
Country Offices situated in South-East Asia. The Publication Office is in
Wageningen, the Netherlands.
A PROTA DATABANK.
C The PROTA databank is the basic output of
the program to survey, compile, edit, publish and disseminate existing
knowledge on some 7000 useful plants of Tropical Africa. Commodity Groups
include: Dyes and tannins; Timbers; Fuel plants;
Medicinal plants; Spices and
condiments; Vegetable oils; Fibres etc..
D Wageningen University (WU), Haarweg 333,
PO Box 341, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands. Tel:
(31-317) 484587, Fax: (31-317) 482206,
E-mail: PROTA@pros.dpw.wag-ur.nl.
E The databank will ultimately
comprise: 6,000-8,000 newly made review
articles on the useful plants of Tropical Africa following a standardized
format; a unified literature list with
an estimated 200,000 references; an
estimated 30,000 photographs and drawings;
6,000 geographic distribution maps.
F English.
G The programme PROTA is an initiative of
Wageningen University, the Netherlands working in cooperation with a variety of
institutes in Africa and Europe.
A Plants of Ayurveda and Siddha.
C Bibliography
of Medicinal Plants contains 1,25,000 references from 20 classical
AyurvedicTexts. Clinically important
plant interface deals with 3000 simple formulations across 7 classical
texts. Charakasamhita describes 1600
formulations and 620 plants.
D Foundation
for Revitalisation of Local Health Traditions, 50 MSH Layout, Anand Nagar,
Bangalore 560024 India. Tel: 91 80
3336909, 3330348, Fax: 91 80 3334167,
E-mail: vijay.barve@frlht-india.org.
E 50Mb.
F English, Sanskrit.
G
A Plants For A Future.
C Plants for A Future is a resource center
for rare and unusual plants, particularly those which have edible, medicinal or other uses. One major project has been the construction
of a database of useful plants which contains over 7,000 species and has
extensive details on edible, medicinal and other uses of plants together with
information about their cultivation and habitats.
D Plants For A Future, 1 Lerryn View, Lerryn, Lostwithiel, Cornwall
PL22 0QJ, England. Telephone: 44 (0)1208
872 963.
E Covers approximately 7,000 species.
F English.
G
A Plant Species of China.
C The database contains information on plants resources in
China. It contains the following
fields: Academic name, Chinese name,
category, protected status, current status, distribution, ecological characteristics,
economic value, research significance, product measure, and planting, etc.
D Institute of
Botany, Chinese Academy of Science.
E
F
G
A Protected Traditional
Chinese Medicinal Products Database.
C The database contains 1,463 records. Each record represents a single traditional
Chinese medicinal product protected by the government. Contains the following fields: name of product,
manufacturer, register number, specifications, preparation, dosage form,
province the manufacturer located, application number, announced number,
announced date, protected grade, valid date, expire date, protected period, warrant
number, certificate number, code of the protected product, whether or not being
same species, efficacy, and indication.
D National Committee on the Assessment of the Protected
Traditional Chinese Medicinal Products, P.R.C..
E The database contains 1,463 records.
F
G
R
A RACINES.
C Banque de données
bibliographiques de l’Institut Interculturel de Montréal, portant sur les
savoirs et pratiques traditionnelles et endogènes. Cette banque de données permet de rechercher
des informations sur les différentes communautés autochtones dans le monde,
comme les Mayas, les Masaïs, les Berbères, etc..
D Institut Interculturel de Montréal, 4917,
Saint-Urbain, Montréal (Québec), Canada, H2T 2W1, Téléphone: (514) 288-7229,
Télécopieur: (514) 844-6800, E-mail: info@iim.qc.ca.
E
F French.
G RACINES offre deux
possibilités de recherche: la recherche simple et la recherche avancée. RACINES propose la recherche dans le
catalogue “monographies” ou “périodiques”.
A Rainforest
Tropical Plant Database.
C Raintree’s website is dedicated to
providing information and education on the important plants of the Amazon
Rainforest. Each plant file contains
taxonomy data, phytochemical and ethnobotanical data, uses in traditional
medicine, and clinical research including clinical abstracts.
D Ms. Leslie Taylor, Raintree Nutrition,
Inc., 10609 Metric Blvd, Suite 101, Austin, Texas 78758. Tel: (800) 780-5902, Fax: (512) 833-5414, E-mail: info@rain-tree.com.
E
F English,
French, German, Italian, Norwegian, Portuguese, Spanish.
G
S
A SEPASAL.
C SEPASAL is a database and enquiry service
about useful ‘wild’ plants and semi-domesticated plants of tropical and
subtropical drylands. By ‘useful’ we
mean plants which humans eat, use as medicine, feed to animals, make things
from, use as fuel and many other uses.
D Centre for Economic Botany, Royal Botanic
Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3AE United Kingdom, E-mail: sepasal@rbgkew.org.uk.
E
F English.
G
A Spanish, English, Latin Glossary of Plant
Names.
C A Spanish-English-Latin commodity
reference with botanical names (genus, specie).
D Compiled: March/97 by J Nash; additions by R Dow Oct/98. Information largely referenced from the
Fundacion Hondurena para la Investigacion Agricola (FHIA).
E
F English, Spanish.
G
T
A. TCMD (Traditional Chinese Medicine
Database).
C. TCMD is a bibliograhical database of
approximately 20,000 records with abstracts
of TCM articles. Relevant articles are selected from among
150-200 journals from Mainland China, Taiwan, Province of China, and Hong Kong,
SAR of China.
D Professor Wing-Kay KAN, PhD,
CEng, MIEEE, MBCS, DIC, Associate Professor, Dept. of Computer Science &
Engineering, Associate Director, Chinese Medicinal Material Research Center,
Rm1019, ENG Building, Chinese University, Shatin, Hong Kong, SAR of China.
Tel: 852 26098437, Fax:
852 26035024, E-mail:
wkkan@cs.cuhk.hk.
E Approximately
20,000 records.
F Most selected articles are in
Chinese. English abstracts are then written
and other pertinent information is translated into English.
G TCMD is now running on a SUN/SPARC-20
Unix platform, using ORACLE as its Database Management system. Users may access it only through the campus
network The database is searchable by full text search, keyword search on each
field (e.g. Title, Author, abstract, etc.);
MeSH (Medical Subject Heading) terms are also used.
A TCMbasics.com.
C Chinese Herb Database.
D Copyright 1995-2002 TCMBasics.com,
Healthcare Research.
E There are currently 116 herbs in this
materia medica.
F English.
G The names are listed by: Pharmaceutical Name; Common Name (Pin-yin Name).
A TCMLARS
(Traditional Chinese Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System).
C About 400,000 citations in the fields of
TCM (Chinese herbal medicine, acupuncture and moxibustion, Qigong, Chinese
massage), from more than 900 biomedical journals published in China and other
countries since 1949.
D Produced by the Beijing Institute of
Information and Library of the Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine,
Beijing.
E Approximately 200,000 citations from 520
biomedical journals.
F Chinese, English.
G Searching is by subject headings and key
words. TCMLARS is composed of three
databases: ACULARS (Acupuncture
Literature Analysis and Retrieval System);
TCM Database (Traditional Chinese Medical Literature Database); and Chinese Materia Medica Database. Available on CD-ROM.
A TEK*PAD (Traditional Ecological Knowledge
Prior Art Database)
C TEK*PAD is an index and search engine of
existing Internet-based, public
domain documentation concerning
indigenous knowledge and plant species uses. TEK*PAD brings together and
archives in a single location, various types of public domain data necessary to
establish prior art. Data includes
taxonomic and other species data, ethno-botanical uses, scientific and medical
articles and abstracts, as well as patent applications themselves.
D American Association for the Advancement
of Science, 1200 New York Ave. NW, Washington, DC 20009. Tel: 202.326.6796, Fax: 202.289.4950.
E
F English.
G TEK*PAD is meant to be used by anyone
researching traditional ecological knowledge, including scientists, health
professionals, and those involved in the patent application process itself.
A TRADIMED.
C A comprehensive and unique research
database containing knowledge of Chinese herbal therapy both off-line
(CD-title) and on-line.
D Natural Product Research Institute, Seoul
National University.
E A total of 1,1000 formulas with over
12,000 chemical constituents, analytical data, chemical structure images, and a
dictionary of disease classification.
F Chinese, English, Japanese and Korean.
G
A TRAMED
(Traditional Medicine Database).
C The Traditional Medicines Database
incorporates: material gathered from the
contemporary scientific literature on medicinal plants and their pharmacology
and toxicology; material from
collections, such as books, published articles, theses and databases already
available, such as the NORISTAN database, concentrating on African plants; an operational laboratory database acting as
a “lab book” for our research units.
D South African Traditional Medicines
Research Unit, Dept. of Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of
Cape Town, 7925 Observatory, South Africa.
E-mail: satmerg@uctgsh1.uct.ac.za.
E
F English.
G
A TRAMIL Medicinal Plant Database.
C TRAMIL is a program of applied research
for traditional popular medicine in the Caribbean. It aims to rationalize health practices based
on the use of medicinal plants. Ethnobotany studies, identification of species,
chemical, pharmacological and toxicological studies of medical herbs used and
broadcasting of information to communities are all part of this effort. This program integrates collaborators and
specialists from different fields from all over Latin America and the Caribbean.
D Fundación Redes y Desarrollo/Networks and
Development Foundation/Association Réseaux et Développement. E-mail:
contact@funredes.org
E
F English, French, Spanish.
G Can search for a plant by: Scientific name; Vernacular name; Botanical Family; Territory (Location); Health Problem.
A Taiwan,
Province of China Medical Literature Database.
C Medical articles published in Taiwan, Province
of China. Contains more than 24,460
records drawn from 40 kinds of public or interior biomedical and health care
journals, academic degree dissertations, conference proceedings, study reports,
and discourse collections published in Taiwan, Province of China from 1970 to
1998.
D Fujian College of Traditional Chinese
Medicine.
E Contains
more than 24,460 records.
F
G
A Thai Index
Medicus.
C Thai Index Medicus is a collection of
documents published in Thai medical journals from 1918 to present.
D Medical
Library, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
E
F English,
Thai.
G
A Tibetan Medicines Database.
C The Database contains over 500
records. Each record represents a single
Tibetan medicine and provides the cited information. Data is derived from ancient classical
Tibetan book, such as Yue Wang Yao Zhen, Si Bu Yi Dian, Ancestor’s Dictation, Jing
Zhu Ben Cao, and the recent
clinical information.
D Institute of Information on Traditional
Chinese Medicine, China Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine.
E Over 500 records.
F
G The database is available via
website (http://www.cintcm.com, http://www.cintcm.ac.cn), or CD-ROM since 2000. Cites Tibetan and Latin names.
A Tibetan Medical Literature.
C The Bibliographic Database has been
initiated by the International Trust for Traditional Medicine (ITTM) to provide
basic information on the vast Tibetan medical literature that presently is
spread over many countries and has, so far, not been documented. It will provide a first overview of the
corpus of Tibetan medical literature as a whole, including early works from
Sanskrit, Chinese, Persian and other languages that were translated into
Tibetan between the eigth and twelvth century, as well as original works
compiled by Tibetan and Mongolian scholars until modern times. Its electronic presentation will allow a
search according to each entry field as well as statistical analysis of various
aspects of Tibetan medical literature.
D The International Trust for Traditional
Medicine, Vijnana Niwas, Madhuban, Kalimpong 734 301, West Bengal, India.
Tel: 91-3552-56459,
E-mail: ittmk@vsnl.com.
E
F English.
G At present, interested Scholars can have
free access to the data for their personal research and do electronic searches
while in residence at the ITTM Centre, Vijnana Niwas, Kalimpong, Eastern
Himalayas. It is hoped that the data
will be made available on CD ROM and/or the Internet.
A Traditional
Chinese Medicine Materials Database.
B The database is under construction. Part
of it is available on the Internet at: (http://202.127.145.52/tcm/q_tcd.asp).
C Contains information on: Chinese name,
English name, Latin name, name in pharmacopoeia, name in prescription, and
other synonyms of a medical material, classification of medicinal material, description,
characteristic,
properties, pharmacological action, function, efficacy, channel tropism, indication, main composition,
distribution, species, Chinese name and Latin name of the original plant,
parts of the plant for medicinal use, morphometrics, quality grade, and
identification of the medical material.
D Shanghai
Institute of Organic Chemistry, China Academy of Science.
E
F
G
A Traditional
Chinese Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System in English.
C Traditional Chinese Medical Periodical
Literature. Contains about 68,000
records. The source material for the
database is drawn from biomedical journals published in China since 1984.
D Institute of Information on Traditional
Chinese Medicine, China Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine.
E Contains about 68,000 records.
F
G CD-ROM version available also.
A Traditional Chinese & Western Herbal
Medicine in Humans & Animals.
C Multiple access points. User-friendly search engine and site
linkages. Herbal records retrievable by
botanical, common and Chinese names.
Many links, including herbal supply companies, discussion lists,
associations, schools, journal articles.
Includes bibliographies.
D Phil Rogers MRCVS, Lucan, Dublin,
Ireland. Tel: 353-46-26740, Fax: 353-46-26154.
E
F English.
G
A Traditional Herbal and Plant Knowledge,
Identifications.
C Herbs used mostly by Anishinaabeg
people. Indian names may be individual
to the person describing and furnishing plant specimens. Different names were given to different parts
of the plant, and to its different uses in food or medicine sometimes. Botanical names are current international
standard.
D Paula Giese.
E
F English.
G
A Traditional Medicinal Plants of Samoa.
C An important part of traditional Samoan
healing practices is the application of herbal medicines. More than 200 plant species are or were
commonly or occasionally used in preparing native medicines. For each plant, information on medicinal uses
by Samoan healers can be searched here.
D Alexandra Dittmar, 1998/2002.
E More than 200 plants.
F English.
U
A UBIs
(Unidades Básicas de Información).
C Las Unidades Básicas de Información
(UBIs), son publicaciones electrónicas que brindan conocimiento sobre las
especies de diferentes grupos de organismos encontrados en Costa Rica. La información científica presente en las
UBIs ha seguido un proceso riguroso de publicación, como tal, se basa en
fuentes de información fidedignas, ha sido revisada filológicamente, y se
presenta en un lenguaje técnico sencillo.
Destaca en esta información: la taxonomía de las especies, historia
natural, distribución, estado de su conservación, e importancia para el hombre.
D El Instituto Nacional de
Biodiversidad (In Bio), P.O. Box Apdo. 22-3100, Santo Domingo de Heredia, Costa
Rica. Tel: (506) 244-0690, Fax: (506) 244-2816,
E-mail:
askinbio@inbio.ac.cr.
E
F Spanish.
G
W
A Web-Agri.com.
C An Agricultural Search Engine that
searches 764,244 agricultural web pages.
D Hyltel
Multimédia, 12a Rue de Brest, 35000, Rennes, France.
E-mail: contact@hyltel.fr.
E Searches 764,244 agricultural web pages.
F English, French.
G
A The Wellcome Library for the History and
Understanding of Medicine.
C The Wellcome Library provides access to a
wide range of electronic resources for research into Biomedicine and the
History of Medicine. The following databases, arranged by broad subject
category, can be accessed from the Wellcome Library: Bibliographical,
Biomedical, General Reference, Historical.
D The Wellcome Trust, The Wellcome
Building, 183 Euston Road, London NW1 2BE, UK. Tel: 44 (0)20 7611 8888, Fax:
44 (0)20 7611 8545,
E-mail: contact@wellcome.ac.uk.
E
F English.
[End of Annex II and of document]
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