tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5362252854171200202024-03-14T07:52:57.404+05:30GREEN FEATURES The green features is regular archiving has empirical reports/news/ideas on different aspects of "Ecological Democracy" mainly includes theoretical debates on Economic, Spiritual, Culture, Social, Political and Gender Dimension. It aim to cover mainstreaming marginal voice in respect to ecology.
Green features started in April 2012 in the name of "Ecological News".GREEN FEATUREShttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13728970908961018694noreply@blogger.comBlogger504125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-536225285417120020.post-18684396738271898842018-07-24T09:38:00.002+05:302018-07-24T09:38:48.128+05:30भविष्य का कृषि संकट कार्पोरेट खेती / कार्पोरेट जमींदारी विवेकानंद माथने <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="HI" style="font-family: "Mangal","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">शायद भारत अब किसानोंका देश नही कहलायेगा। यहां खेती तो की जायेगी लेकिन
किसानों के द्वारा नही, खेती करनेवाले कार्पोरेट्स होंगे, कार्पोरेट किसान।
पारिवारिक खेती की जगह कार्पोरेट खेती। आज के अन्नदाता किसानों की हैसियत उन बंधुआ
मजदूरों या गुलामों की होगी, जो अपनी भूख मिटाने के लिये कार्पोरेट्स के आदेश पर
काम करेंगे। उनके लिये किसानों की समस्याओं का समाधान किसानों के अस्तित्व को ही
मिटाना है। इस समय देश में खेती और किसानों के लिये जो नीतियां और योजनायें लागू
की जा रही है उसके पीछे यही सोच है। किसानों को खेती से बाहर करने की योजना
उन्होने बना ली है।</span><span lang="HI" style="font-family: "Mangal","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span lang="HI" style="font-family: "Mangal","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">अगर किसान अपने अस्तित्व का यह
अंतिम संग्राम नही लढ पाया तो उसकी हस्ती हमेशा के लिये मिटा दी जायेगी। उनके लिये
न रहेगा बांस, न बजेगी बांसुरी।<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Mangal","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="HI" style="font-family: "Mangal","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">उन्होंने पहले ही साजिश पूर्वक देशकी ग्रामीण उद्योग व्यवस्था तोड दी और
गांवोके सारे उद्योग बंद कर दिये। जैसी की उनकी नीति रही है</span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Mangal","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">, </span><span lang="HI" style="font-family: "Mangal","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">स्थानीय उत्पादक विरुद्ध ग्राहकों के हितोंको एक
दूसरे के विरुद्ध खडा किया गया। स्थानीय उद्योगों में उत्पादित वस्तुओं को घटिया व
महंगा और कंपनी उत्पादन को सस्ता व क्वालिटी उत्पादन के रुपमें प्रचारित कर यहां
के दुकानों को कंपनी उत्पादनों से भर दिया गया। स्थानीय उत्पादन की जगह कार्पोरेट
उत्पादन को प्रमोट करने में यहां के व्यापारियों ने भी कोई कसर नही छोडी। कार्पोरेट
उत्पादनों को ग्राहकों तक पहुंचाने के लिये व्यापारियों का इस्तेमाल कर
कार्पोरेट्स ने माल बेचने के लिये खुद की व्यवस्था बना ली है। अब उन्हे दुकानदारों
और व्यापारियों की आवश्यकता नही है। छोटे मोटे व्यापारियोंने अपने व्यापार और देशी
उद्योगों के पैरों पर खुद कुल्हाडी मारकर उसे कार्पोरेट के हवाले कर दिया है। </span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Mangal","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="HI" style="font-family: "Mangal","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">जो तस्वीर उभरकर आ रही है वह अत्यंत भयावह है। दुनिया में खेती का
कार्पोरेटीकरण किया जा रहा है। अब उद्योग, व्यापार और खेती सब कुछ कार्पोरेट्स
करेंगे। वह इन सभी पर एक के बाद एक अपना कब्जा करते जा रहे है। प्राकृतिक संसाधन,
उद्योग और व्यापार पर तो उन्होंने पहले ही कब्जा कर लिया। अब देश के खेती और
किसानों की बारी है। जो पहले ही गुलामों की जिंदगी जी रहे है, कार्पोरेट्स उनका
अस्तित्व ही मिटाना चाहते है। वह खेती पर कब्जा करना चाहते है ताकि कार्पोरेट
उद्योगों के लिये कच्चा माल और दुनिया में व्यापार के लिये जरुरी उत्पादन अपनी सुविधाओं
और नीतिओं के अनुसार कर सके।</span><span lang="HI" style="font-family: "Mangal","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"> कार्पोरेट खेती के लिये तर्क गढा
गया है कि पूंजी की कमी, छोटे जोतो में खेती अलाभप्रद होना, यांत्रिक और तकनीकी
खेती करने में अक्षमता के कारण पारिवारिक खेती करनेवाले किसान खेती का उत्पादन
बढाने के लिये में सक्षम नही है। </span></div>
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<span lang="HI" style="font-family: "Mangal","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">FOR MORE Please Click Here </span><a href="https://agriculturesrc.files.wordpress.com/2018/07/13-lh-e0a4ade0a4b5e0a4bfe0a4b7e0a58de0a4af-e0a495e0a4be-e0a495e0a583e0a4b7e0a4bf-e0a4b8e0a482e0a495e0a49f-e0a495e0a4bee0a4b0e0a58d.pdf" title="13 LH भविष्य का कृषि संकट - कार्पोरेट जमींदारी">(pdf) भविष्य का कृषि संकट – कार्पोरेट जमींदारी- </a><strong>विवेकानंद माथने (</strong>23/07/2018)</div>
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GREEN FEATUREShttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13728970908961018694noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-536225285417120020.post-44518437831989226542018-07-23T14:15:00.003+05:302018-07-23T14:15:51.017+05:30Introducing the whole new world of Ancient Indian Stepwells<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Introducing the whole new world of Ancient Indian Stepwells.</h1>
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Stepwell Number 1 – Agrasen Ki Baoli</h2>
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<strong style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;">Location –</strong> Kasturba Gandhi Marg, Hailey Lane, New Delhi, INDIA<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /><strong style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;">Age –</strong><span> </span>1132 AD<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /><strong style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;">Built by –</strong><span> </span>Aggarwal Communities of 12 century Delhi</div>
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for more Click here:<a href="http://jatinchhabra.com/indian-stepwells/" target="_blank">http://jatinchhabra.com/indian-stepwells/ </a></div>
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GREEN FEATUREShttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13728970908961018694noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-536225285417120020.post-28771031632664181362018-07-16T10:21:00.001+05:302018-07-16T10:21:14.256+05:30<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Shepherd from Karnataka builds 14 ponds on barren hill, turns his village green</h1>
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Eighty-two-year-old shepherd Kamegowda may be illiterate, but he has been able to do what most so-called educated and environmentally conscious persons only wish they had done. </div>
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<span style="color: #6b6b6b; font-family: Droid_italic;"><span style="font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px;"><a href="http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2018/jul/15/shepherd-from-karnataka-builds-14-ponds-on-barren-hill-turns-his-village-green-1843493.html">http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2018/jul/15/shepherd-from-karnataka-builds-14-ponds-on-barren-hill-turns-his-village-green-1843493.html</a></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #515151; font-family: "Droid regular", sans-serif; font-size: 14px; letter-spacing: 0.2px;">Published: </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #515151; font-family: "Droid regular", sans-serif; font-size: 14px; letter-spacing: 0.2px;">15th July 2018 05:05 AM</span></div>
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<span class="author_des" style="border-bottom: 2px solid rgb(251, 8, 8); box-sizing: border-box; padding-bottom: 4px;">By <span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><a href="http://www.newindianexpress.com/author/Ashwini-M-Sripad" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: black; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">Ashwini M Sripad</a></span></span></div>
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DASANADODDI (MALAVALLI TALUK): Eighty-two-year-old shepherd Kamegowda may be illiterate, but he has been able to do what most so-called educated and environmentally conscious persons only wish they had done. He is credited with greening an entire hillside at Daasanadoddi village in Malavalli taluk of Mandya district, an effort that took him four decades and culminated in 14 ponds being developed and maintained by him. These ponds are filled with water all year round — even during the scorching summers.</div>
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It was about 40 years ago when he realised that the almost barren Kundinibetta hill next to his village had sparse shrubs with almost no greenery. While taking his flock of sheep grazing on the hillside, he saw animals and birds stressed from lack of a watering holes on the hill. Whatever water the hill received through rain, only flowed down its slopes. It hardly retained any water and what little remained either evaporated or got absorbed into the ground. </div>
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That’s when this 2017 Basavashri awardee hit upon an idea: Why not develop a pond to provide animals and birds a watering hole? It started from there, although he doesn’t remember the precise date, but estimates that, so far, he has spent nothing less than Rs 10-15 lakh in designing, developing and maintaining the 14 ponds, some named after his grandchildren. Almost all the money is from various awards he has won throughout his life.</div>
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When The New Indian Express visited his haven — a half-complete house on a two-acre land — the hill presented itself in lush green attire, thanks to the 14 ponds, linked by a waterway that ensures when the upper ponds on the hill are filled, the surplus water flows into the ponds below.</div>
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Kamegowda underwent an eye operation a couple of weeks ago, and the doctors have advised him not to step out for fear of contracting an infection. But this is what he has to say: “I close my eyes and come out; I know every inch here. If a drunkard is advised not to drink, will he stop drinking? I too have an addiction. </div>
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<span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;">The trigger</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />The idea to design, develop and maintain hillside ponds was triggered by observing animals and birds struggling on the Kundinibetta hill due to lack of water. Today, he has built 14 fairly large ponds on the hill, turning it into a green abode.</div>
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<span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;">Green deeds earn him ‘Madman’ tag</span></div>
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So passionate and addicted to looking after his 14 ponds is this 82-year-old Kamegowda of Daasanadoddi in Malavalli Taluk of Mandya district that people in his village and his relatives started calling him a “madman”. For the last 40 years, almost everyday between 5 am and 9 am, he has dug ponds, and grazed sheep from 9 am to 7 pm. “Sometimes, I used to go to the hillock to dig a pond during night with lamp or also on a full moon day,’’ he tells TNIE when the reporter visited his home on Friday.</div>
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Meanwhile, the villagers called him “madman”. But that did not deter his spirit, which saw a barren hillside of Kundinibetta near his village turn into lush green slopes. His eccentric ways saw many of his relatives break off from him. “After I started digging ponds and spending all my savings on them, I started losing my relatives. But the trees, ponds, birds and animals became my relatives. Some made fun of me ... some opposed me for using government land. But I did not stop. I can challenge anyone! Wherever I take up 5-6 ft of digging, there will be water which will not dry up … even during summers.” </div>
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It all started 40 years ago. To begin with, he sold a couple of his sheep and purchased a shovel, spade, pickaxe, and other tools to dig a pond so that animals and birds easily got water to survive. He started digging the land and the first one was done at Daasanadoddi, taking more than six months. Later, with his little savings, he hired workers who helped him to dig other ponds. All his 14 ponds are interlinked.</div>
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“Once the pond at the top is filled, water flows to the next pond located at a lower altitude,” Kamegowda, who has never gone to school says with pride. Kamegowda also tests soil quality before taking up digging.</div>
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He has made narrow pathways to reach each of these ponds. There are rocks in between, which host Kamegowda’s painted quotes on nature, blended with philosophy. He visits all the 14 ponds daily. “Do you eat only one day and starve the entire year? I cannot dig a pond a day and ignore them the rest of the year,” he adds.</div>
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He has given his grandchildren’s name to these ponds. He even brought grass from outside to grow them on the hillock, so that soil moisture remains and trees remain green. Kamegowda has never taken a loan.“I have spent more than `10 to 15 lakh for the ponds, mainly cash from Basavashree and other awards where they gave me cash. I spent this money only on maintaining the ponds. I have two acres of land ... if I did not spend money on ponds, I would have made a few more acres and a better house,” he says.</div>
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This octogenarian, who is addicted to constructing and maintaining hillside ponds, only has two acres of land for his children, but 14 ponds that have helped the flora and fauna and the people of his village, 15 km from Malavalli taluk of Mandya district.The Kundinibetta — which has now become Kundurubetta — is a small hillock located in the village and a part of the hill is in the neighbouring Panathalli village. Of the 14 ponds, nine are in his village while five are in Panathalli.</div>
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“If I give my children, grandchildren money, it will be spent and they’ll become bankrupt. Instead, if I give them these ponds that has water throughout the year, they will be the richest,’’ says Kamegowda, who resides in a small incomplete house.“When some people give me cash for my personal use, I will say yes, and like a drunkard who spends all that money on liquor, I spend the money on the ponds. It is an addiction!’’ he says.</div>
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GREEN FEATUREShttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13728970908961018694noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-536225285417120020.post-30523001134044416102018-02-01T16:59:00.002+05:302018-02-01T16:59:29.925+05:30Ancient Mauryan technology brings water, hope to dry Magadh in Bihar<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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(Cyber stirring on Water Management Systems of South Bihar)</h1>
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Ancient Mauryan technology brings water, hope to dry Magadh in Bihar</h1>
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Inspired by a college professor, villagers in the south-central part
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A check dam built by villagers along with Maghadh Jal Jamaat near Sijuaghati in Imamganj-Dumaria area</h2>
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Ancient Mauryan engineering has brought water back to the undulating and rocky terrain of Magadh, the grain bowl of Bihar that had turned almost entirely arid because of abortive modern irrigation policies.</div>
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The Magadh region, comprising 10 districts in south-central Bihar, was reeling from its worst water crisis over a decade ago, forcing farmers to board trains to distant cities such as New Delhi and Chandigarh and work there as migrant labourers.</div>
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Rainfall was scant, people had long abandoned traditional reservoirs that caught and stored rainwater run-off, the water table in aquifers had depleted from overuse, and modern irrigation canals covered only a small area.</div>
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Gaya itself was a modern nightmare as most of its ponds overflowed with garbage. The water table had dipped below 200 feet, and taps and tube wells had gone dry. The water crisis was so acute that people sold their houses in posh localities at throwaway prices. The government promised to build a 100km canal from the Ganga, but the project failed.</div>
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The crisis looked irreversible but Rabindra Pathak, who taught Pali and Sanskrit at a college in Arwal, was certain that the answer lay in the long-forgotten and crumbling aqueducts and water reservoirs that irrigated the fields and fed ancient India’s most glorious empire.</div>
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He pored through old books and scriptures, and found that reviving the dilapidated network of pynes and ahars was the lone solution.</div>
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Pynes are channels carrying water from rivers. Ahars are low-lying fields with embankments that act as water reservoirs. This combined irrigation and water conservation system dates back to the Mauryan era that flourished in Magadh 2,000 years ago.</div>
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Easing farm distress</div>
The restored pyne-ahar system brought water to the remote countryside and helps farmers in Gaya</div>
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<span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 20.16px; font-weight: 700;">Major pynes in district</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />Barki Pyne, Jamune Dasain Pyne, Moratal Pyne, Ninsar Pyne, Ninsar-Shakurabad Pyne, Bansi Nala-Karamdih-Pale Pyne and Bargawan Pyne</div>
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<span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 20.16px; font-weight: 700;">Grounwater depletion over the years in Gaya</span></div>
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Pathak founded the Magadh Jal Jamaat (MJJ) in 2006, a network of individuals working to revive the neglected pynes and ahars. “There was no other way to solve the recurring water crisis threatening to turn the region arid. Reckless use of tube wells for irrigation without adequate recharge complicated the scenario,” he said.</div>
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Convincing people to participate was not easy in a fragmented society, where nobody was willing to part with an inch of land.</div>
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“Villagers shrugged off the idea of collective participation initially, as they couldn’t fathom its impact,” said Kanchan Mistri at Khaneta-Pali village. “When the government with all its resources failed, how could a group (like ours) do it? That was the common refrain.”</div>
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Besides, the local mafia interested in contracts for government projects posed a big threat to the voluntary initiative. A years before MJJ’s formation, in 2004, social activists Sarita and Mahesh, working on an irrigation system in Gaya, were murdered by the mafia.</div>
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But Pathak was determined to do the unthinkable — bring water to the area. He got ample help from his professor-wife, Pramila, and trader Prabhat Pandey.</div>
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They persuaded villagers to form committees and donate anywhere between Rs 100 and Rs 1,000, depending on the size of agricultural plots they owned, and revived the 125-km Jamune Dasain pyne and 159-km Barki pyne. These two complex channels, rebuilt with help from social worker Chandra Bhushan, brought water from Falgu, a tributary of the Ganga.</div>
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The impact was instantaneous and miraculous. About 150 villages along the Jamune-Dasain pyne and around 250 villages along the Barki canal have been able to irrigate their fields for the kharif and rabi (monsoon and winter) crops, and grow vegetables, pulses and oilseeds as well.</div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://www.environmentportal.in/files/file/Ahar-pyne%20system%20in%20South%20Bihar.pdf">http://www.environmentportal.in/files/file/Ahar-pyne%20system%20in%20South%20Bihar.pdf</a></span></h2>
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GREEN FEATUREShttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13728970908961018694noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-536225285417120020.post-22212673267409846132018-01-31T17:17:00.002+05:302018-01-31T17:17:53.133+05:30हिन्दुत्व को चुनौती देती 'संस्कृति के चार अध्याय'<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<h1 class="__sslide" data-categories="blogs" data-id="765114" data-scrollstrycnt="0" data-title="हिन्दुत्व को चुनौती देती 'संस्कृति के चार अध्याय'" data-title_full="Ravish Kumar writes about Dinkar's book Sanskriti ke Chaar Adhyaye - हिन्दुत्व को चुनौती देती 'संस्कृति के चार अध्याय'" data-url="https://khabar.ndtv.com/news/blogs/ravish-kumar-writes-about-dinkars-book-sanskriti-ke-chaar-adhyaye-765114" itemprop="headline" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Noto Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 35px !important; letter-spacing: -0.5px; line-height: 50px !important; margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px;">
हिन्दुत्व को चुनौती देती 'संस्कृति के चार अध्याय'</h1>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #1c2022; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, "Segoe UI", Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Poet Ramdhari Singh Dinkar's works 'Sanskriti ke Chaar Adhyaye' & 'Parshuram ki Pratiksha'</span></div>
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PM to inaugurate golden jubilee celebrations of Poet Ramdhari Singh Dinkar's works 'Sanskriti ke Chaar Adhyaye' & 'Parshuram ki Pratiksha'</div>
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<span class="metadata" style="color: #657786; line-height: 24px; overflow: hidden;">6:27 PM - 21 May 2015</span></div>
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<strong style="background-color: white; color: #343434; font-family: "Noto Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">नई दिल्ली : </strong><span style="background-color: white; color: #343434; font-family: "Noto Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">जिस किताब की प्रस्तावना पहले प्रधानमंत्री जवाहरलाल नेहरू ने लिखी हो और जिसके साठ साल होने के जलसे में आज के प्रधानमंत्री नरेंद्र मोदी शिरकत कर रहे हों, वो किताब सिर्फ किताब नहीं, बल्कि एक घटना भी है। दोनों प्रधानमंत्रियों के बीच राष्ट्रकवि रामधारी सिंह दिनकर की रचना 'संस्कृति के चार अध्याय' की यात्रा निरंतर जारी है। यह किताब आज की भी किताब है। 'संस्कृति के चार अध्याय' के दूसरे संस्करण में दिनकर ने काफी बदलाव किए हैं। दूसरे संस्करण की भूमिका में दिनकर ने लिखा है, "पहले संस्करण के बाद जो विवाद हुआ उससे पता चलता है कि इस किताब से सबको तकलीफ़ पहुंची होगी। इस किताब के बारे में मंचों से जो भाषण दिए हए, उनसे यह पता चलता है कि मेरी स्थापनाओं से सनातनी भी दुखी हैं और आर्यसमाजी तथा ब्रह्मसमाजी भी। उग्र हिन्दुत्व के समर्थक तो इस ग्रन्थ से काफी नाराज़ हैं। मेरा विश्वास है कि मेरी कुछ मान्यताएं ग़लत साबित हो सकती हैं, लेकिन इस ग्रन्थ को उपयोगी माननेवाले लोग दिनोंदिन अधिक होते जाएंगे। यह ग्रन्थ भारतीय एकता का सैनिक है। सारे विरोधों के बीच वह अपना काम करता जाएगा।"</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #343434; font-family: "Noto Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">दिनकर ने लिखा है कि उनका यह महल साहित्य और दर्शन का है। इतिहास की हैसियत यहां किरायेदार की है। व्यापक शोध और नए नज़रिये के विकास से आप 'संस्कृति के चार अध्याय' की बातों के समानांतर कई बातें पेश कर सकते हैं लेकिन इसमें कोई शक नहीं कि यह किताब समन्वय से बन रही हमारी धार्मिकता और भारतीयता का मार्ग तलाश करती है। उन जड़ों पर सीधे हमला करती है जहां से सांप्रदायिकता की शाखाएं फूटती हैं। दिनकर हिन्दू और मुस्लिम सांप्रदायिक सोच पर गहरे चोट करते हैं। दिनकर के आर्य बाहर से आए हैं, जबकि आज के हिन्दुत्ववादी कथाकारों के आर्य स्थानीय हैं। दिनकर का इरादा बाहरी या भीतरी बताकर किसी धार्मिक हताशा या गौरव को उभारना नहीं है, बल्कि बिना भावनात्मक हुए इतिहास को आलोचनात्मक निगाह से देखना है। इस पुस्तक को पढ़ते हुए जैसे हिन्दुत्ववादी या आर्यसमाजी, वहाबी नाराज़ हो सकते हैं, वैसे ये अपने हिसाब से इस्तेमाल भी कर सकते हैं।</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #343434; font-family: "Noto Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">दिनकर लिखते हैं, "धार्मिकता की अति ने देश का विनाश किया, इस अनुमान से भागा नहीं जा सकता है और यह धार्मिकता भी ग़लत किस्म की धार्मिकता थी।" अगर आज के हिन्दुत्ववादी इसे पढ़ते हुए इस पंक्ति पर पहुंचे तो भड़क जाएंगे। दिनकर लिखते हैं, "जो वस्तुएं परिश्रम और पुरुषार्थ से प्राप्त होती हैं, उनकी याचना के लिए भी देवी-देवताओं से प्रार्थना करने का अभ्यास हिन्दुओं में बहुत प्राचीन था। अब जो पुराणों का प्रचार हुए तो वे देश रक्षा, जाति रक्षा और धर्म रक्षा का भार भी देवताओं पर छोड़ने लगे।"</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #343434; font-family: "Noto Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">ब्राह्मणों और बौद्ध के बीच कटु रिश्ते के बारे में दिनकर ने लिखा है कि उनके बीच सांप और नेवले का संबंध था। ब्राह्मणों ने कहावत चला दी थी कि जो व्यक्ति मरते हुए बौद्ध के मुख में पानी देता है, वह नरक में पड़ता है। अंग, बंग, कलिंग, सौराष्ट्र और मगध में जैन और बौद्ध कुछ अधिक थे, अतएव ब्राह्मणों ने इन प्रान्तों में जाने की धार्मिक तौर पर मनाही कर दी थी। "इस प्रकार हिन्दुओं ने जात-पात और धर्म की रक्षा की कोशिश में जाति और देश को बर्बाद कर दिया। भारतवर्ष में राष्ट्रीयता की अनुभूति में जो अनेक गाथाएं थीं, उनमें सर्वप्रमुख बाधा यही जातिवाद था। जात अगर ठीक है तो सब कुछ ठीक है। धर्म अगर बचता है तो सब कुछ बचता है। इस भावना के फेर में हिन्दू इस तरह पड़े कि देश तो उनका गया ही जात और धर्म की भी केवल ठठरी ही उनके पास रही।"</span></div>
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मैं जब यह किताब पढ़ रहा हूं तो उन्हीं संदर्भों को चुन रहा हूं, जिनसे सांप्रदायिकता और धार्मिकता की पहचान को कुछ आलोचनात्मक नज़र से देखा जा सकता है। लेकिन यह किताब पढ़ते हुए आप भले कई बातों से सहमत न हों, भारतीय संस्कृति के समन्वयी रूप से परिचित तो होते ही हैं। दिनकर भारतीयता के निर्माण को हिन्दू पराजय या मुस्लिम विजय के चश्मे से नहीं देखते। वे उन धार्मिक पहचानों और कुरीतियों पर हमला करते हैं, जिनसे हमारी सोच जड़ हो जाती है।</div>
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"यदि खुसरो को हिन्दुस्तान ने अपने आदर्श मुसलमान के रूप में उछाला होता तो हिन्दुस्तान की कठिनाइयां कुछ न कुछ कम हो जाती हैं। आज भी मौका है कि हम खुसरो को आदर्श भारतीय मुसलमान के रूप में जनता के सामने पेश करें।" दिनकर संस्कृति की इस यात्रा में सांप्रदायिकता के सवालों से काफी जूझ रहे हैं। वो हल का रास्ता खोज रहे हैं। लिखते हैं कि हिन्दू-मुस्लिम एकता के हमारे देश में तीन बड़े नेता कबीर, अकबर और महात्मा गांधी हुए हैं। एक जगह लिखते हैं कि वह हिन्दू अन्य हिन्दुओं से श्रेष्ठ है, जो अपने धर्म के सिवा इस्लाम पर भी श्रद्धा रखता है और वह मुसलमान भी अन्य मुसलमानों से श्रेष्ठ है, जो अपने मज़हब के सिवा हिन्दू धर्म का भी सम्मान करता है।</div>
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कबीरदास विद्रोह के अवतार थे। वेद, वर्णाश्रम-धर्म और जात-पात का विरोध उन्होंने उसी निर्भीकता से किया जो निर्भीकता बुद्ध में दिखाई पड़ी। इस्लाम के अनुष्ठानों की आलोचना उन्होंने उसी बहादुरी से से की, जिस बहादुरी के कारण पहले मनसर और, बाद में सन्त सरमद को शहीद होना पड़ा था। हिन्दू-मुस्लिम समस्या का समाधान उन्हें ठीक दिखाई पड़ा था। कबीर को गुज़रे पांच सौ साल हो गए हैं और आज भी हम यही सोचते हैं कि जब तक भारतीय समाज, पूर्णरूपेण, वेदान्त को अपना आधार नहीं बनाता, हिन्दू-मुस्लिम समस्या का भारत को कोई समाधान नहीं मिलेगा।</div>
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आप सोच सकते हैं कि संघ परिवार इन पंक्तियों को पढ़ते हुए कितनी करवटें बदलेगा। दिनकर वेदान्त को अलग नज़रिये से देखते हैं। कहते हैं, "वेदान्त हिन्दू-दर्शन ज़रूर है, लेकिन वह हिन्दुत्व नहीं है। सच्चा वेदान्ती न हिन्दू होता है, न मुसलमान, न बौद्ध या क्रिस्तान( ईसाई), वह केवल अच्छा आदमी होता है। धर्म के आनुष्ठानिक रूप यदि महत्व पाते रहे तो विश्व के धर्मों में कभी एकता नहीं हो सकेगी। मुसलमान कहता रहेगा कि हिन्दू यदि बाजे बजाएंगे तो मेरी नमाज़ में बाधा पड़ेगी और हिन्दू चीखता रहेगा कि मुसलमान यदि गोहत्या करेंगे तो मैं अपनी जान दे दूंगा। तब भी हर बुद्धिमान जानता है कि धर्म की समाधि सड़क पर होने वाले शोर से नहीं टूटती और एक व्यक्ति मांस-भक्षण करता है तो उसके पाप की जिम्मेवारी किसी दूसरे मनुष्य के मत्थे नहीं मढ़ी जाएगी। इसी बुद्धि को मन में बसा लेना और उसके अनुसार आचण करना वेदान्त है।"</div>
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दिनकर हिन्दुत्व और इस्लामी कट्टरता पर बराबरी से प्रहार करते हैं। लिखते हैं कि इस्लाम प्रभावित होने से डरता है, क्योंकि संशोधित, प्रभावित या सुधरा हुआ इस्लाम, इस्लाम नहीं है। उधर हिन्दुत्व हमेशा इस बात का अभिमानी रहा है कि हिन्दू हिन्दुत्व के भीतर चाहे पतित ही समझा जाए, किन्तु जन्मना वह सभी से श्रेष्ठ है। इस्लाम की वह कट्टरता कि हमारा वही रूप ठीक है जिसे नबी ने परिवर्तित किया था और हिन्दुत्व का यह आग्रह कि धर्म के मामले में हमें किसी से कुछ सीखना नहीं है, ये दोनों बातें दीवार बनकर इस्लाम और हिन्दुत्व के बीच खड़ी हैं।</div>
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इसलिए दिनकर अमीर खुसरो और कबीर का सहारा लेते हैं। 'संस्कृति के चार अध्याय' का पाठ करना चाहिए। इस किताब से आप काफी कुछ सीखते हैं। कम से कम सांप्रदायिकता और धार्मिक पहचान की राजनीति के ख़तरे को आप संतुलित नज़रिये से देख पाते हैं। आज सरकार बदलते ही इतिहास लेखन को माक्सवादी विरोध के नाम पर एकतरफा किया जा रहा है। उसमें एक धर्म या चंद जातियों के गौरव का गान हो रहा है उन्हें 'संस्कृति के चार अध्याय' पढ़ना चाहिए। प्रधानमंत्री नरेंद्र मोदी भले ही अपने सांसदों या संघ परिवार के चंद नेताओं के सांप्रदायिक बयानों पर चुप्पी साध जाते हों, लेकिन 'संस्कृति के चार अध्याय' के साठ होने के जलसे में शिरकत कर रहे हैं, यह भी एक बड़ी बात है। इसके लिए उन्हें बधाई। जो बात आप ख़ुद नहीं बोल सकते, वो 'संस्कृति के चार अध्याय' बोल देगी।</div>
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source: <a href="https://khabar.ndtv.com/news/blogs/ravish-kumar-writes-about-dinkars-book-sanskriti-ke-chaar-adhyaye-765114">https://khabar.ndtv.com/news/blogs/ravish-kumar-writes-about-dinkars-book-sanskriti-ke-chaar-adhyaye-765114</a></div>
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GREEN FEATUREShttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13728970908961018694noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-536225285417120020.post-30091000303965916262018-01-25T09:44:00.003+05:302018-01-25T09:48:14.308+05:30Trade remains sore point between India, ASEAN<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Trade remains sore point between India, ASEAN</h1>
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<a href="http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/policy/trade-remains-sore-point-between-india-asean/article10049949.ece">http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/policy/trade-remains-sore-point-between-india-asean/article10049949.ece</a></div>
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Indonesia, Cambodia yet to ratify pact on services and investment signed in 2014</div>
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New Delhi, January 24</span></div>
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While all 10 leaders from the Association of South-East
Nations (ASEAN) have gathered in India to celebrate India’s 68th
Republic Day, two-way trade continues to remain a pain-point in the ties
even as both sides look at strengthening strategic ties. </div>
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India
and ASEAN signed the trade pact on services and investment in September
2014. However, out of the 10 member countries, two are yet to ratify
the treaty – Indonesia and Cambodia. In the case of Indonesia, it
believes that if it signs the agreement, then Indian professionals will
flood their markets, in other words, take their jobs away, sources told <i>BusinessLine</i>. </div>
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India
had been urging ASEAN countries – Singapore, Thailand, Malaysia,
Cambodia, Myanmar, Brunei, Laos, the Philippines, Indonesia and Vietnam –
to ratify and implement the services pact at the earliest as it
continues to get impacted by the free trade agreement (FTA) in goods,
sources said. </div>
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India and ASEAN had signed the goods
FTA in 2009 and it was implemented in 2010. However, under the pact
while imports from ASEAN countries have seen a rise, exports from India
to that region have not seen a significant jump. </div>
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During
his bilateral meeting on Thursday with Indonesian President Joko
Widodo, Prime Minister Narendra Modi is expected to raise this issue. </div>
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On
the other hand, Cambodia is not ratifying it because of its internal
legislative issues, said another official, involved in the talks. </div>
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“Indonesia
has always been wary of India flooding their jobs market. And this is
unlikely to change if one goes by their posturing in RCEP, which is in
limbo. The traditional market access issues with ASEAN remains. They
will continue to put India in tenterhooks unless India agrees to be
flexible in RCEP,” said Biswajit Dhar, Economics Professor, Jawaharlal
Nehru University.</div>
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All the 10 ASEAN countries are also
part of the China-led proposed mega trade pact – Regional Comprehensive
Economic Partnership (RCEP) – which also includes India, Japan, South
Korea, Australia and New Zealand.</div>
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However, India is
now looking at ASEAN more from the strategic perspective in terms of
maritime security rather than enhancing trade. This is crucial to
counter China as ASEAN seeks greater participation from India even as
they face Beijing’s expansionist policy in South China Sea. </div>
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“The
ratification will happen soon. However, the government is now more
focussed on maritime cooperation and security, especially in the
backdrop of India becoming a rising power in maritime links and rise of
the Indo-Pacific region,” said Prabir De, Professor, Research and
Information System for Developing Countries (RIS), and Coordinator,
ASEAN-India Centre (AIC), India.</div>
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This is
for the first time that all 10 leaders of the ASEAN region have
participated in the Republic Day celebrations as chief guests.</div>
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'FTA in goods between India and Asean will boost trade</h1>
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<a href="http://www.deccanherald.com/content/655456/fta-goods-india-asean-boost.html">http://www.deccanherald.com/content/655456/fta-goods-india-asean-boost.html</a></div>
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Press Trust of India, New Delhi, Jan 23 2018</div>
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Full implementation of the free
trade agreement (FTA) in goods between India and the Asean bloc will
help boost trade between the two regions, Minister of State for Commerce
and Industry C R Chaudhary said.</div>
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The minister
said however, connectivity and infrastructure are major challenges to
further push the trade ties between India and the Association of South
East Asian Nations (Asean).</div>
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India and the
10-nation bloc signed the FTA in goods in 2009. Under the pact, two
trading partners set timelines for eliminating duties on maximum number
of goods traded between the two regions.</div>
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The 10 Asean members are Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Singapore, Thailand, the Philippines, Laos and Vietnam.</div>
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The
agreement has resulted in increase in trade, and "once the full
implementation of tariff (or basic customs duties) reduction scheduling
is done", it is expected to create more trade opportunities for both the
sides, he said at the Asean-India Business and Investment Meet and Expo
being held here.</div>
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Chaudhary said both the regions are working to improve connectivity and infrastructure to promote trade and investments.</div>
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"India
is working with Asean on multiple connectivity projects," he said,
adding that the country has made considerable progress in the
construction of trilateral highway -- India-Myanmar-Thailand.</div>
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He
also said that the Asean India maritime transport cooperation agreement
will help in enhancing cooperation and communication between the two
regions besides removing barriers for increasing maritime trade.</div>
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There is also a proposal to establish rail link between India and Vietnam.</div>
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India's
exports to Asean increased to about USD 31 billion in 2016-17 from USD
25.15 billion in the previous fiscal. Imports too grew to USD 40.61
billion in 2016-17 from USD 40 billion in the previous year.</div>
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The
commerce ministry said in a statement that the Asean -India expo is
showcasing products and services in areas including manufacturing,
engineering, ICT, healthcare, tourism, environment, agriculture, Science
& technology, logistics and retail. </div>
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GREEN FEATUREShttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13728970908961018694noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-536225285417120020.post-65179882049746113112018-01-24T12:31:00.000+05:302018-01-24T12:31:03.988+05:30Inheritance tax may be reintroduced in India by Centre soon; How it can impact you<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<h1 style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-size: 14pt;">Inheritance tax may be reintroduced in
India by Centre soon; How it can impact you<o:p></o:p></span></h1>
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<span style="color: #888888; font-size: 14.0pt; font-weight: normal;">To boost tax revenue,
the government is planning to reintroduce</span><span style="color: #888888; font-size: 15.0pt; font-weight: normal;"> inheritance tax in India, which may be
introduced in the coming Budget.<o:p></o:p></span></h2>
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<span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #888888; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">By: </span><span style="color: #777777; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="http://www.financialexpress.com/author/sanjeev-sinha/" title="Posts by Sanjeev Sinha"><span style="color: #b40505;">Sanjeev Sinha</span></a> | </span><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #888888; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">Updated: October 9, 2017</span><span style="color: #777777; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.financialexpress.com/money/inheritance-tax-may-be-reintroduced-by-centre-soon-how-it-can-impact-you/887116/">http://www.financialexpress.com/money/inheritance-tax-may-be-reintroduced-by-centre-soon-how-it-can-impact-you/<span lang="HI" style="font-family: "Mangal","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">887116/</span></a><o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="color: #747474; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;">Developed countries like the UK and the US have high inheritance
tax and that is effective there because they have a very strong social security
system in place.</span><span style="color: #747474; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Mangal; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #747474; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="color: #747474; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="color: #747474; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 28.5pt; letter-spacing: -.75pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">Some have proposed that India
needs to address increasing inequality by increasing its tax-to-GDP (gross
domestic product) ratio.</span></span></div>
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<span class="renderedqtext"><span style="color: #262626; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 17.5pt;">How a “low
tax to GDP ratio” affects India?<o:p></o:p></span></span></h1>
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<span style="color: #262626; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 17.5pt;"> </span></h1>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif";">As per 2015 data, India has
low Tax or Revenue to GDP ratio at around 18%. It is substantially low in
comparison to US (27%), UK (39%), , France(45%), Germany (41%)and BRICS
constituents viz., Brazil (34%), Russia (20%), China(22%), South Africa(27%).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif";">Growth not inclusive. Many
poor people coexisting with super rich.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="uiqtextpara" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif";">Poor
revenue to GDP Ratio while GDP is on the rise, will impacts India as under :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="uiqtextpara" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif";">1)
Rise of social inequalities - The economy will suffer from wide gap between per
capita income of rich and poor.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="uiqtextpara" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif";">2)
Rise in Interest burden - The funding for Public works programme would be done
more out of borrowings. This will increase interest burden. Interest payment
means lesser appropriation of funds for Capital Asset building.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="uiqtextpara" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif";">3)
Inflation - Lesser contribution from tax payers means generating money supply
partly through printing of currency.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="uiqtextpara" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif";">4)
Higher Interest Rates - Inflation will put pressure on interest rates.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="uiqtextpara" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif";">5)
Higher participation of MNCs and investment of foreign funds in infrastructure,
Power generation, technology, etc . Domestic companies will have to face tough
competition from MNCs.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="uiqtextpara" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif";">6)
Rupee will not strengthen in medium term<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #747474; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;">
</span></div>
<div class="uiqtextpara" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif";">7)
Pressure to contain Fiscal Deficit & Current
Deficit. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="uiqtextpara" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="uiqtextpara" style="margin: 0in 0in 12pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif";">*********</span></div>
</div>
GREEN FEATUREShttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13728970908961018694noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-536225285417120020.post-574992699952080442018-01-24T12:21:00.002+05:302018-01-24T12:21:29.720+05:30So how unequal is India? India Economic Summit 6-7 October 2016 New Delhi<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<h1 style="margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://www.weforum.org/events/india-economic-summit-2016"><span style="color: #141414; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">This article is part of the </span><span class="related-item"><span style="color: #005c9c; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; text-decoration-line: none;">India Economic Summit</span></span></a><span style="color: #141414; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 39.0pt; letter-spacing: -.25pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;"><o:p></o:p></span></h1>
<h1 style="margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></h1>
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<span style="color: #141414; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">India Economic Summit<o:p></o:p></span></h1>
<h1 style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="color: #141414; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">6-7 October 2016New Delhi, India</span><span style="color: #141414; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 39.0pt; letter-spacing: -.25pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;"><o:p></o:p></span></h1>
<div>
<span style="color: #141414; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;"><br /></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2016/10/inequality-in-india-oxfam-explainer/</div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #141414; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">So how unequal is India? As
the </span><a href="http://glineq.blogspot.ch/2016/05/the-question-of-indias-inequality.html"><span style="color: #005c9c; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">economist Branko Milanovic says</span></a><span style="color: #141414; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">: “The question is simple, the
answer is not.” Based on the new India Human Development Survey (IHDS), which
provides data on income inequality for the first time, India scores a level of
income equality lower than Russia, the United States, China and Brazil, and
more egalitarian than only South Africa.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #141414; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;"><br /></span></div>
<b><span style="color: #141414; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">Inequality in numbers</span></b><span style="color: #141414; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<b><span style="color: #141414; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;"><br /></span></b>
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
According to a report by the
Johannesburg-based company New World Wealth, India is the second-most unequal
country globally, with millionaires controlling 54% of its wealth. With a total
individual wealth of $5,600 billion, it’s among the 10 richest countries in the
world – and yet the average Indian is relatively poor.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Compare this with Japan, the most
equal country in the world, where according to the report millionaires control
only 22% of total wealth.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
In India, the richest 1% own 53%
of the country’s wealth, according to the latest data from Credit Suisse. The
richest 5% own 68.6%, while the top 10% have 76.3%. At the other end of the
pyramid, the poorer half jostles for a mere 4.1% of national wealth.</div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: #141414; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;"><br /></span></div>
<span style="color: #141414; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;"><br /></span>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #141414; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">What’s more, things are getting
better for the rich. The Credit Suisse data shows that India’s richest 1% owned
just 36.8% of the country’s wealth in 2000, while the share of the top 10% was
65.9%. Since then they have steadily increased their share of the pie. The
share of the top 1% now exceeds 50%.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #141414; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">This is far ahead of the United
States, where the richest 1% own 37.3% of total wealth. But India’s finest
still have a long way to go before they match Russia, where the top 1% own a
stupendous 70.3% of the country’s wealth.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="color: #141414; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #141414; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;"><br /></span>
<b><span style="color: #141414; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">What can India do to reduce
inequality?</span></b><span style="color: #141414; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<b><span style="color: #141414; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;"><br /></span></b>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #141414; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">The continued rise of economic
inequality in India – and around the world – is not inevitable. It is the
result of policy choices. Governments can start to reduce inequality by
rejecting market fundamentalism, opposing the special interests of powerful
elites, and changing the rules and systems that have led to where we are today.
They need to implement reforms that redistribute money and power and level the
playing field.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #141414; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">Specifically, there are two main
areas where changes to policy could boost economic equality: taxation and
social spending.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="color: #141414; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;"><br /></span>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: #141414; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">1. Progressive taxation</span></b><span style="color: #141414; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">, where corporations and the richest individuals pay
more to the state in order to redistribute resources across society, is key.
The role of taxation in reducing inequality has been clearly documented in OECD
and developing countries. Tax can play a progressive role, or a regressive one,
depending on the policy choices of the government.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="color: #141414; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;"><br /></span>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: #141414; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">2. Social spending, </span></b><span style="color: #141414; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">on public services such as education, health and
social protection, is also important. Evidence from more than 150 countries –
rich and poor, and spanning over 30 years – shows that overall, investment in
public services and social protection can tackle inequality. Oxfam has for many
years campaigned for free, universal public services.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #141414; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #141414; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">Two key indicators are: how much
has a government committed to spend on education, health and social protection?
And how progressive are the spending levels? This chart shows the money India
has spent on public services over the past eight years; the horizontal lines
represent expenditure as a percentage of GDP, and vertical bars expenditure in
rupees.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #141414; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #141414; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">According to a forthcoming Oxfam
report (to be published in 2017), India performs relatively poorly on both
counts. Its total tax effort, currently at 16.7% of GDP, is low (about 53% of
its potential) and the tax structure is not very progressive since direct taxes
account for only a third of total taxes. South Africa, by comparison, raises
27.4% of GDP as taxes, 50% of which are direct taxes.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #141414; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #141414; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">When it comes to the second
indicator (levels and progressivity of social-sector spending), India compares
less well. Only 3% of GDP goes towards education and only 1.1% towards health.
South Africa spends more than twice as much on education (6.1%) and more than
three times as much on health (3.7%). While it’s assessed as more unequal than
India, South Africa rates much higher than India in its commitment to reducing
inequality.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: #141414; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">The dream of ending poverty</span></b><span style="color: #141414; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: #141414; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #141414; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">Oxfam has calculated that if
India stops inequality from rising further, it could end extreme poverty for 90
million people by 2019. If it goes further and reduces inequality by 36%, it
could virtually eliminate extreme poverty.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #141414; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;"><br /></span></div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #141414; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">India – along with all the other
countries in the world – has committed to attaining the Sustainable Development
Goals by 2030, and to ending extreme poverty by that year. But unless we make
an effort to first contain and then reduce the rising levels of extreme
inequality, the dream of ending extreme poverty for the 300 million Indians – a
quarter of the population – who live below an extremely low poverty line, will
remain a pipe dream.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #141414; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #141414; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">************</span></div>
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<span style="color: #141414; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="color: #141414; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;"><br /></span></div>
</div>
GREEN FEATUREShttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13728970908961018694noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-536225285417120020.post-84664124473622614212018-01-24T10:33:00.004+05:302018-01-24T10:33:58.731+05:30Please tell Davos why 1% of Indians get 73% of wealth: Rahul Gandhi to PM Modi<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<h1 class="heading1" data-articletitle="" style="text-align: center;">
Please tell Davos why 1% of Indians get 73% of wealth: Rahul Gandhi to PM Modi</h1>
<div>
<span class="time_cptn"><span itemprop="author">TIMESOFINDIA.COM</span> | Updated: Jan 23, 2018</span></div>
<div>
<span class="time_cptn"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<a href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/please-tell-davos-why-1-of-indians-get-73-of-wealth-rahul-gandhi-to-pm-modi/articleshow/62620333.cms?utm_source=toiandroidapp&utm_medium=Email&utm_campaign=show">https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/please-tell-davos-why-1-of-indians-get-73-of-wealth-rahul-gandhi-to-pm-modi/articleshow/62620333.cms?utm_source=toiandroidapp&utm_medium=Email&utm_campaign=show</a></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The Congress leader cited a media report quoting a survey from Oxfam
which had highlighted the vast gap between the India's rich and the
poor. </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
On Monday, international rights groups Oxfam released a survey which
said that the richest 1% in India own 73% of the wealth generated in the
country. </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The Congress leader suggested that PM Modi who today delivered the
keynote address at the plenary session at the World Economic Forum in
Davos should also address the issue of economic inequality in India. </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
BJP spokesperson Sambit Patra responded to the Congress leader's
question and held the previous governments headed by the Indian National
Congress responsible for the economic gap. </div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
**********</div>
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GREEN FEATUREShttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13728970908961018694noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-536225285417120020.post-31002548305369243942018-01-23T16:30:00.002+05:302018-01-23T16:30:25.889+05:30for 2017: Richest 1 percent bagged 82 percent of wealth created last year - poorest half of humanity got nothing <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
https://www.oxfam.org/en/pressroom/pressreleases/2018-01-22/richest-1-percent-bagged-82-percent-wealth-created-last-year<br />
<header style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: white; color: #545454; display: block; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, "Nimbus Sans L", sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin-bottom: 20px; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><h1 class="title" style="border: 0px; color: #61a534; font-size: 1.8em; line-height: 1.38917em; margin: 0px 0px 20px;">
Richest 1 percent bagged 82 percent of wealth created last year - poorest half of humanity got nothing</h1>
<div class="field field-name-post-date">
<div class="label-inline" style="display: inline;">
Published: </div>
22 January 2018</div>
</header><section class="content" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: white; color: #545454; display: block; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, "Nimbus Sans L", sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><div style="margin: 1.00005em 0px;">
Eighty two percent of the wealth generated last year went to the richest one percent of the global population, while the 3.7 billion people who make up the poorest half of the world saw no increase in their wealth, according to a new Oxfam report released today. The report is being launched as political and business elites gather for the World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland.</div>
<div style="margin: 1.00005em 0px;">
‘<strong style="font-weight: bold;"><a href="https://www.oxfam.org/en/research/reward-work-not-wealth" style="color: #0c884a; text-decoration: none;">Reward Work, Not Wealth</a></strong>’ reveals how the global economy enables a wealthy elite to accumulate vast fortunes while hundreds of millions of people are struggling to survive on poverty pay. </div>
<ul style="margin: 1.5em 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 20px;">
<li><strong style="font-weight: bold;">Billionaire wealth has risen</strong><span> </span>by an annual average of 13 percent since 2010 – six times faster than the wages of ordinary workers, which have risen by a yearly average of just 2 percent. The number of billionaires rose at an unprecedented rate of one every two days between March 2016 and March 2017.</li>
<li><strong style="font-weight: bold;">It takes just four days<span> </span></strong>for a CEO from one of the top five global fashion brands to earn what a Bangladeshi garment worker will earn in her lifetime. In the US, it takes slightly over one working day for a CEO to earn what an ordinary worker makes in a year.</li>
<li><strong style="font-weight: bold;">It would cost $2.2 billion a year<span> </span></strong>to increase the wages of all 2.5 million Vietnamese garment workers to a living wage. This is about a third of the amount paid out to wealthy shareholders by the top 5 companies in the garment sector in 2016.</li>
</ul>
<div style="margin: 1.00005em 0px;">
Oxfam’s report outlines the key factors driving up rewards for shareholders and corporate bosses at the expense of workers’ pay and conditions. These include the erosion of workers’ rights; the excessive influence of big business over government policy-making; and the relentless corporate drive to minimize costs in order to maximize returns to shareholders.</div>
<div style="margin: 1.00005em 0px;">
Winnie Byanyima, Executive Director of Oxfam International said: “The billionaire boom is not a sign of a thriving economy but a symptom of a failing economic system. The people who make our clothes, assemble our phones and grow our food are being exploited to ensure a steady supply of cheap goods, and swell the profits of corporations and billionaire investors.”</div>
<div style="margin: 1.00005em 0px;">
Women workers often find themselves off at the bottom of the heap. Across the world, women consistently earn less than men and are usually in the lowest paid and least secure forms of work. By comparison, 9 out of 10 billionaires are men.</div>
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“Oxfam has spoken to women across the world whose lives are blighted by inequality. Women in Vietnamese garment factories who work far from home for poverty pay and don’t get to see their children for months at a time. Women working in the US poultry industry who are forced to wear nappies because they are denied toilet breaks,” said Byanyima.</div>
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Oxfam is calling for governments to ensure our economies work for everyone and not just the fortunate few:</div>
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<li>Limit returns to shareholders and top executives, and ensure all workers receive a minimum ‘living’ wage that would enable them to have a decent quality of life. For example, in Nigeria, the legal minimum wage would need to be tripled to ensure decent living standards.</li>
<li>Eliminate the gender pay gap and protect the rights of women workers. At current rates of change, it will take 217 years to close the gap in pay and employment opportunities between women and men.</li>
<li>Ensure the wealthy pay their fair share of tax through higher taxes and a crackdown on tax avoidance, and increase spending on public services such as healthcare and education. Oxfam estimates a global tax of 1.5 percent on billionaires’ wealth could pay for every child to go to school.</li>
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Results of a new global survey commissioned by Oxfam demonstrates a groundswell of support for action on inequality. Of the 70,000 people surveyed in 10 countries, nearly two-thirds of all respondents think the gap between the rich and the poor needs to be urgently addressed.</div>
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“It’s hard to find a political or business leader who doesn’t say they are worried about inequality. It’s even harder to find one who is doing something about it. Many are actively making things worse by slashing taxes and scrapping labor rights,” said Byanyima.</div>
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“People are ready for change. They want to see workers paid a living wage; they want corporations and the super-rich to pay more tax; they want women workers to enjoy the same rights as men; they want a limit on the power and the wealth which sits in the hands of so few. They want action.”</div>
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Notes to editors</h2>
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Download<span> </span><strong style="font-weight: bold;">‘<a href="https://www.oxfam.org/en/research/reward-work-not-wealth" style="color: #0c884a; text-decoration: none;">Reward Work, Not Wealth</a>’</strong><span> </span>and a methodology document that outlines how Oxfam arrived at the key statistics in the report.</div>
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Broadcast quality footage and photographs are available<span> </span><a href="https://wordsandpictures.oxfam.org.uk/?c=34775&k=ae837a41d2" rel="nofollow" style="color: #0c884a; text-decoration: none;">here</a><span> </span>featuring Lan, who works in a garment factory in Vietnam, supplying many global fashion brands. Long hours and poverty pay mean Lan has not been able to get home to see her son for 9 months. </div>
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New data from<span> </span><strong style="font-weight: bold;"><a href="https://www.credit-suisse.com/corporate/en/research/research-institute/global-wealth-report.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #0c884a; text-decoration: none;">Credit Suisse</a></strong><span> </span>reveals that 42 people now own the same wealth as the poorest half of humanity. This figure cannot be compared to figures from previous years - including the 2016/17 statistic that eight men owned the same wealth as half the world - because it is based on an updated and expanded data set published by Credit Suisse in November 2017. When Oxfam recalculated last year’s figures using the latest data we found that 61 people owned the same wealth as half the world in 2016 – and not eight.</div>
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Oxfam’s calculations are based on global wealth distribution data provided by the<span> </span><strong style="font-weight: bold;"><a href="https://www.credit-suisse.com/corporate/en/research/research-institute/global-wealth-report.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #0c884a; text-decoration: none;">Credit Suisse Global Wealth Data</a></strong><span> </span>book published in November 2017. The wealth of billionaires was calculated using Forbes' billionaires list last published in March 2017.</div>
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RIWI and YouGov conducted the online survey for Oxfam in ten countries: India, Nigeria, United States, United Kingdom, Mexico, South Africa, Spain, Morocco, Netherlands and Denmark. For details on the methodology and the full results see<span> </span><strong style="font-weight: bold;"><a href="https://oxfam.box.com/s/eosi27xj7nxuyywysr06d734ct1xyuev" rel="nofollow" style="color: #0c884a; text-decoration: none;">here</a></strong>. </div>
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</section></div>
GREEN FEATUREShttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13728970908961018694noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-536225285417120020.post-16385471020044435462018-01-18T18:05:00.001+05:302018-01-18T18:05:16.925+05:30The Malimath Committee’s recommendations<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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The Malimath Committee’s recommendations on reforms in the criminal justice system in 20 points</h1>
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<a href="http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/the-malimath-committees-recommendations-on-reforms-in-the-criminal-justice-system-in-20-points/article22457589.ece">http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/the-malimath-committees-recommendations-on-reforms-in-the-criminal-justice-system-in-20-points/article22457589.ece</a></div>
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As the Union government is considering to revisit the Malimath Committee report on reforms in the criminal justice system, here is a look at what the panel recommended in 2003.</h2>
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In 2000, <u style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; outline: 0px !important;">t</u>he then NDA government formed a panel headed by the former Chief Justice of Kerala and Karnataka, Justice V.S. Malimath, to suggest an overhaul of the century-old criminal justice system.</div>
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Two years later, the Justice Malimath Committee submitted a report with 158 recommendations to the Deputy Prime Minister, L.K. Advani, who was also the Home Minister. The Committee felt that the existing system “weighed in favour of the accused and did not adequately focus on justice to the victims of crime.”</div>
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Here is a look at 20 key reforms suggested by the six-member panel.</div>
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<span style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: TundraWeb-Bold; outline: 0px !important;"><b>Borrowing from inquisitorial system</b></span></div>
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The panel was in favour of borrowing features from the inquisitorial system of investigation practised in countries such as Germany and France, where a judicial magistrate supervises the investigation. The committee recommended that courts be bestowed with powers to summon any person — whether or not listed as a witness — for examination, if it felt necessary.</div>
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<span style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: TundraWeb-Bold; outline: 0px !important;"><b>Right to silence</b></span></div>
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The panel recommended a modification to Article 20 (3) of the Constitution that protects the accused from being compelled to be a witness against himself/herself. The Committee suggested that the court be given freedom to question the accused to elicit information and draw an adverse inference against the accused in case the latter refuses to answer. The Committee also felt that the accused should be required to file a statement to the prosecution disclosing his/her stand.</div>
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<span style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: TundraWeb-Bold; outline: 0px !important;"><b>Rights of the accused</b></span></div>
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The Committee suggested that a Schedule to the Code be brought out in all regional languages so that the accused knows his/her rights, as well as how to enforce them and whom to approach when there is a denial of those rights.</div>
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<span style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: TundraWeb-Bold; outline: 0px !important;"><b>Presumption of innocence</b></span></div>
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The courts follow “proof beyond reasonable doubt” as the basis to convict an accused in criminal cases. This, the committee felt, gives “very unreasonable burden'” on the prosecution and hence suggested that a fact be considered as proven “if the court is convinced that it is true” after evaluating the matters before it.</div>
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<span style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: TundraWeb-Bold; outline: 0px !important;"><b>Justice to victims of crime</b></span></div>
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The Committee made a series of recommendations to ensure justice to the victims.</div>
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The victim should be allowed to participate in cases involving serious crimes and also be given adequate compensation.</div>
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If the victim is dead, the legal representative shall have the right to implead himself or herself as a party, in case of serious offences.</div>
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The State should provide an advocate of victim’s choice to plead on his/her behalf and the cost has to be borne by the State if the victim can’t afford it.</div>
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Victim compensation is a State obligation in all serious crimes, whether the offender is apprehended or not, convicted or acquitted. This is to be organised in a separate legislation.</div>
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A Victim Compensation Fund can be created under the victim compensation law and the assets confiscated in organised crimes can be made part of the fund.</div>
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<span style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: TundraWeb-Bold; outline: 0px !important;"><b>Police investigation</b></span></div>
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The Committee suggested hiving off the investigation wing from Law and Order. It also recommended setting up of a National Security Commission and State Security Commissions. To improve the quality of investigations, it suggested a slew of measures, including the appointment of an Addl. SP in each district to maintain crime data, organisation of specialised squads to deal with organised crime, and a team of officers to probe inter-State or transnational crimes, and setting up of a Police Establishment Board to deal with posting, transfers, and so on.</div>
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Police custody is now limited to 15 days. The Committee suggested this be extended to 30 days and an additional time of 90 days be granted for the filing of charge sheet in case of serious crimes.</div>
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<span style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: TundraWeb-Bold; outline: 0px !important;"><b>Dying declaration</b></span></div>
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The committee favoured dying declarations, confessions, and audio/video recorded statements of witnesses be authorised by law. It also sought amendments to the law to allow thumb impression only if the witness is illiterate.</div>
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<span style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: TundraWeb-Bold; outline: 0px !important;"><b>Public prosecution</b></span></div>
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It suggested that a new post, Director of Prosecution, be created in every State to facilitate effective coordination between the investigating and prosecuting officers under the guidance of the Advocate General. The appointment of Assistant Public Prosecutors and Prosecutors, it was recommended, should be made through competitive examination. There was also a rider that they were not to be posted in their home district and the places where they were already practising.</div>
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<span style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: TundraWeb-Bold; outline: 0px !important;"><b>Courts and judges</b></span></div>
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The report submitted in 2003 pointed out the judge-population ratio in India is 10.5 per million population as against 50 judges per million population in many parts of the world.<span style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: TundraWeb-Bold; outline: 0px !important;"> The ratio is 19.66 per million people as of 2017.</span></div>
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The National Judicial Commission must have clear guidelines on precise qualifications, experience, qualities and attributes that are needed in a good judge and also the prescription of objective criteria to apply to the overall background of the candidate. The higher courts, including the Supreme Court, should have a separate criminal division consisting of judges who have specialised in criminal law. The committee suggested every court keep a record of the timestamps such as date of conclusion of arguments, date of pronouncement of judgment, and so on, which may be prominently displayed.</div>
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<span style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: TundraWeb-Bold; outline: 0px !important;"><b>Trial procedures</b></span></div>
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The Committee felt that all cases in which punishment is three years and below should be tried summarily and punishment that can be awarded in summary trials be increased to three years.</div>
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<span style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: TundraWeb-Bold; outline: 0px !important;"><b>Witness protection</b></span></div>
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Noting that taking action against perjury is a cumbersome process and genuine witnesses are treated shabbily, the Committee batted for a strong witness protection mechanism – it said the judge should be ready to step in if the witness is harassed during cross-examination.</div>
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It also recommended the following: that witnesses get their allowances on the same day; <u style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; outline: 0px !important;">t</u>hey be provided with proper seating and resting facilities and be treated with dignity. It also suggested that a separate witness protection law be enacted akin to the one in the United States.</div>
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<span style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: TundraWeb-Bold; outline: 0px !important;"><b>Perjury</b></span></div>
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If during the trial, the witness is found to have given a false evidence with an intention to affect the case, he/she must be summarily tried and be liable to fine up to ₹500 or up to three-month prison or both.</div>
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<span style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: TundraWeb-Bold; outline: 0px !important;"><b>Vacations for the courts</b></span></div>
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The committee recommended reducing the period of vacation by 21 days, keeping in mind the long pendency of cases. If implemented, the Supreme Court will work for 206 days and High Courts will function 231 days per year.</div>
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<span style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: TundraWeb-Bold; outline: 0px !important;"><b>Arrears Eradication Scheme</b></span></div>
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The Committee proposed an ‘Arrears Eradication Scheme’ to tackle cases that are pending for more than two years. Under the scheme, such cases will be settled through Lok Adalats on a priority basis. These cases will be heard on a day-to-day basis and no adjournment shall be permitted.</div>
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<span style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: TundraWeb-Bold; outline: 0px !important;"><b>Sentencing</b></span></div>
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The Committee is in favour of a permanent Statutory Committee to prescribe sentencing guidelines. Pregnant women and women with child below seven years can be kept under house arrest instead of being lodged in prison, keeping in mind the future life of the child, it said.</div>
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In cases where the interest of society is not involved, law should favour settlement without trial as recommended by the Law Commission. The fine amount may be increased by fifty times. In cases where the convict is unable to pay fine or has defaulted, community service may be prescribed.</div>
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The Committee also favoured substituting death sentence with imprisonment for life without commutation or remission.</div>
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The Indian Penal Code has to be reviewed to enhance, reduce or apply alternative modes of punishments keeping in mind new and emerging crimes.</div>
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<span style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: TundraWeb-Bold; outline: 0px !important;"><b>Reclassification of offence</b>s</span></div>
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Offences are currently classified as cognisable and non-cognisable. Instead, the Committee recommended classifying offences as social welfare code, correctional code, criminal code, and economic and other offences code.</div>
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<span style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: TundraWeb-Bold; outline: 0px !important;"><b>Offences against women</b></span></div>
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<span style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: TundraWeb-Bold; outline: 0px !important;">Here is a gist of the Committee’s recommendations:</span></div>
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<span style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: TundraWeb-Bold; outline: 0px !important;">Bigamy: </span>Evidence regarding a man and woman living together for a reasonably long period should considered as marriage, even if he is already married and he is liable to provide maintenance to both women.</div>
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<span style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: TundraWeb-Bold; outline: 0px !important;">Adultery: </span>When a man can be punished for having sexual relations with another man’s wife, the woman should also be liable for punishment.</div>
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<span style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: TundraWeb-Bold; outline: 0px !important;">Domestic abuse: </span>The Committee favoured making Section 498A as a bailable and compoundable offence. This Section is largely used in case of dowry harassment.</div>
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<span style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: TundraWeb-Bold; outline: 0px !important;">Rape: </span>Non-penal penetration and any forcible penetration should also be considered as rape and must be carry a heavier punishment. The trial of rape cases should be done with most expeditiously, within four months, and with a high degree of sensitivity.</div>
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<span style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: TundraWeb-Bold; outline: 0px !important;"><b>Organised crime and terrorism</b></span></div>
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Though crime is a State subject, a central law must be enacted to deal with organised crime, federal crimes, and terrorism. A Department of Criminal Justice must be established to appraise procedural and criminal laws and to periodically amend them, the Committee said.</div>
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One of its suggestions was that the possession of prohibited automatic or semi-automatic weapons and lethal explosives be made punishable with up to 10 years jail.</div>
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<span style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: TundraWeb-Bold; outline: 0px !important;"><b>Economic crimes</b></span></div>
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The Committee suggested that sentences in economic offences not run concurrently, but consecutively. A law has to be enacted to protect informers, it said.</div>
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<span style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: TundraWeb-Bold; outline: 0px !important;"><b>Periodic review</b></span></div>
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The Committee has recommended providing for a Presidential Commission for a periodical review of the functioning of the Criminal Justice System.</div>
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GREEN FEATUREShttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13728970908961018694noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-536225285417120020.post-25825310529714942922018-01-18T15:48:00.001+05:302018-01-18T15:48:37.470+05:30underwater cave system in the world <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-size: large;">Underwater cave system in the world</span></h1>
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Sac Actun cave system in Mexico could help shed new light on ancient Mayan civilisation</h1>
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<a href="http://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-01-18/biggest-flooded-cave-found-in-mexico-sac-actun/9338240">http://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-01-18/biggest-flooded-cave-found-in-mexico-sac-actun/9338240</a></div>
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A group of divers has connected two underwater caverns in eastern Mexico to reveal what is believed to be the biggest flooded cave on the planet, a discovery that could help shed new light on the ancient Mayan civilisation.</div>
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Key points:</h2>
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<li style="background: none; line-height: 1.1667; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px 0px 0px 5px; word-wrap: break-word;">Divers discover 347-kilometre cave in Mexico</li>
<li style="background: none; line-height: 1.1667; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px 0px 0px 5px; word-wrap: break-word;">The finding was made by the Gran Acuifero Maya project</li>
<li style="background: none; line-height: 1.1667; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px 0px 0px 5px; word-wrap: break-word;">The cave could shed more light on the history of the region</li>
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The Gran Acuifero Maya (GAM), a project dedicated to the study and preservation of the subterranean waters of the Yucatan peninsula, said the 347-kilometre cave was identified after months of exploring a maze of underwater channels.</div>
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The group found the cave system known as Sac Actun, near the beach resort of Tulum and once measured at 263 kilometres, connected with the 83-kilometre Dos Ojos system.</div>
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For that reason, Sac Actun now absorbs Dos Ojos.</div>
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<b style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Sistema Sac Actun</b><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> (from </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> and </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yucatec_Maya" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Yucatec Maya">Yucatec Maya</a><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><span style="color: #222222;"> meaning "White Cave System") is an underwater cave system situated </span><b><span style="color: red;">along the Caribbean coast</span></b><span style="color: #222222;"> of the </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yucat%C3%A1n_Peninsula" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Yucatán Peninsula">Yucatán Peninsula</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> with passages to the north and west of the village of </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulum,_Quintana_Roo" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Tulum, Quintana Roo">Tulum</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">. It is believed to be the world's largest underwater cave system currently (2018) known to exist</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Sistema Sac Actun with 347.7 kilometers (216.1 mi) the longest cave in Mexico</span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-QRSS2_2-1" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_Sac_Actun#cite_note-QRSS2-2" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[2]</a></sup><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> and the second longest worldwide</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">In 2018, a discovery of link between the Sac Actun system (reported to be 263 km long) and the </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_Dos_Ojos" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sistema Dos Ojos">Dos Ojos system</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> in Tulum, Quintana Roo (84 km long) has been reported.</span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-6" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_Sac_Actun#cite_note-6" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[6]</a></sup><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> The combined system is reported to be the world's largest underwater cave system known.</span></div>
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<b style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Limestone</b><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> is a </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedimentary_rock" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sedimentary rock">sedimentary rock</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">, composed mainly of skeletal fragments of marine organisms such as </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coral" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Coral">coral</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">, </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forams" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Forams">forams</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> and </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molluscs" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Molluscs">molluscs</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">. Its major materials are the </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minerals" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Minerals">minerals</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcite" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Calcite">calcite</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> and </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aragonite" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Aragonite">aragonite</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">, which are different </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymorphism_(materials_science)" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Polymorphism (materials science)">crystal forms</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> of </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_carbonate" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Calcium carbonate">calcium carbonate</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> (CaCO</span><sub style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1;">3</sub><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">).</span></div>
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GREEN FEATUREShttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13728970908961018694noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-536225285417120020.post-58342895747631007712018-01-18T14:23:00.001+05:302018-01-18T14:23:29.246+05:30Parliamentary panel may take up judges’ issue<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<h1 class="detail-title">
Parliamentary panel may take up judges’ issue</h1>
<div>
<a href="http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/parliamentary-panel-may-take-up-judges-issue/article10038055.ece?utm_source=email&utm_medium=Email&utm_campaign=Newsletter">http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/parliamentary-panel-may-take-up-judges-issue/article10038055.ece?utm_source=email&utm_medium=Email&utm_campaign=Newsletter</a></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<div class="articleLead">
Opposition wants House committee on law to raise the matter<br />
<br />
</div>
<div class="article-dateline">
<span class="upper">
New Delhi, January 17:
</span>
</div>
<div class="article-dateline">
<span class="upper"><br /></span></div>
<div class="body" style="text-align: justify;">
Parliament could intervene on the “administrative
issues” in the Supreme Court that led to four senior-most judges of the
apex court speaking to the media against the Chief Justice of India.</div>
<div class="body" style="text-align: justify;">
If
the Opposition has its way, the <b><span style="color: red;">Parliamentary Standing Committee on
Personnel, Public Grievances, Law and Justice </span></b>will prepare a report on
the issues that led to the judges talking to the media and their
statement that “<b><span style="color: #cc0000;">democracy is in danger”</span></b>, and submit it to the House .</div>
<div class="body" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="body" style="text-align: justify;">
A
meeting of the panel, which is headed by BJP MP Bhupender Yadav, is
scheduled for Monday. Though the agenda for meeting is ‘electoral
reforms’, the Opposition members want the panel to take up the issues
raised by the judges immediately as, according to them, the top
judiciary is in crisis.</div>
<div class="body" style="text-align: justify;">
Several Opposition MPs in the <b><span style="color: red;">30-member committee </span></b>told <i>BusinessLine </i>that theirs is the appropriate panel to take up the issue.</div>
<div class="body" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="body" style="text-align: justify;">
“<b>Parliament
is supreme</b>. If four senior judges are saying that democracy is in
crisis, we cannot stay silent. We will raise the issue in the panel,” a
senior MP said. He added that the panel has a sub committee to look at
the issues that have to be taken up. “As of now, our plate is full. But
the sub-committee and the members can always suggest other issues. It is
up to <span style="color: #cc0000;"><b>the chairman to decide</b></span> whether the matter can be studied further.
This issue is most important as the step taken by the judges was
unprecedented,” the member said.</div>
<div class="body" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="body" style="text-align: justify;">
Another member said
he would suggest that the panel summon the Registrar of the Supreme
Court to know the exact issue behind the fury of the judges. “We may not
be able to summon the judges. But we can always get the view of the
Registrar. If the matter is regarding the day-to-day functioning of the
Supreme Court, the committee can ask Parliament to frame a set of rules
for the apex court. What are the powers of the Chief Justice, what are
the powers of the collegium, what are the powers of the senior judges on
administrative metters…Let the House help the Supreme Court address
such issues if the judges do not have any clarity on it,” the member
added.</div>
<div class="body" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="body _hoverrDone" style="text-align: justify;">
He added that the Opposition
members will have discussions among themselves ahead of the meeting. The
Opposition, excluding TRS and AIADMK, has 15 members in the 30-member
panel. Top legal minds such as Majeed Memon, Vivek Tankha, Sukhendu
Sekhar Ray, Kalyan Banerjee and A Sampath are members of the panel.</div>
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GREEN FEATUREShttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13728970908961018694noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-536225285417120020.post-31434019440341398742018-01-18T10:51:00.001+05:302018-01-18T10:51:31.309+05:30UN Environment and World Health Organization agree to major collaboration on environmental health risks<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><br /></b></div>
<br />
<h1 style="text-align: center;">
UN Environment and World Health Organization agree to major collaboration on environmental health risks</h1>
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><br /></b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><br /></b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>UN Environment and the World Health Organization </b>have agreed a new,
wide-ranging collaboration to accelerate action to curb environmental
health risks that cause an estimated 12.6 million deaths a year.
Priority areas of cooperation include: air quality, climate, water,
waste and chemicals...</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<a data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?hl=en&q=https://www.unenvironment.org/news-and-stories/press-release/un-environment-and-world-health-organization-agree-major&source=gmail&ust=1516338837356000&usg=AFQjCNHqK4hjGPCc6Kv-5ssZj365C5af1A" href="https://www.unenvironment.org/news-and-stories/press-release/un-environment-and-world-health-organization-agree-major" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank">https://www.unenvironment.org/<wbr></wbr>news-and-stories/press-<wbr></wbr>release/un-environment-and-<wbr></wbr>world-health-organization-<wbr></wbr>agree-major</a></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
As WHO is controlled by the pharmaceutical industry, cooperation between
UN Environment and the WHO is a kind of public-private partnership </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/goog_275905393"><br /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<a href="https://www.unenvironment.org/news-and-stories/press-release/un-environment-and-world-health-organization-agree-major">https://www.unenvironment.org/news-and-stories/press-release/un-environment-and-world-health-organization-agree-major</a></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
**********</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
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GREEN FEATUREShttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13728970908961018694noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-536225285417120020.post-78077478000625624492018-01-16T09:47:00.001+05:302018-01-16T09:47:22.478+05:30The ghosts of Adichanallur: Artefacts that suggest an ancient Tamil civilisation of great sophistication<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<h1 class="special-article-heading" style="text-align: center;">
The ghosts of Adichanallur: Artefacts that suggest an ancient Tamil civilisation of great sophistication : The Hindu</h1>
<h1 class="special-article-heading" style="text-align: center;">
<span class="blue-color ksl-time-stamp"><span style="font-size: small;">January 1<span style="color: #0000ee;"><u>3</u></span>, 2018 </span>
</span>
</h1>
<h1 class="special-article-heading" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><a href="http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/the-ghosts-of-adichanallur/article22431890.ece">http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/the-ghosts-of-adichanallur/article22431890.ece</a></span></h1>
<h1 class="special-article-heading" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"> </span></h1>
<div class="_hoverrDone" id="content-body-14269002-22431890">
<div class="drop-caps" style="text-align: justify;">
Her features weren’t well defined but her body
conveyed a symbolism. Her large hips were emphasised by what appeared to
be a skirt or perhaps an <i>oddiyanam</i> — a belt-like jewellery.
Her breasts were prominent and the long, dangling earrings she wore
seemed typical of the Tirunelveli region of Tamil Nadu.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The
palm-sized bronze figurine came from the archaeological site at
Adichanallur, located along the Tamirabarani river in Thoothukudi
district, says C. Maheswaran, the retired curator for anthropology at
the Department of Museums. “It likely represents a mother goddess who
stood for fertility,” he adds. “The artefact is primitive but is circa
1,500 BC,” surmises T. Satyamurthy. As superintending archaeologist at
the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI), he had led the fourth
excavation — fifth, as per some records — in Adichanallur in 2004-05.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
For
nearly a hundred years, the Mother Goddess has been lying safely inside
a vault at the Egmore Museum. Now the figurine, as well as other
artefacts, including gold diadems (gold jewellery tied with a string on
the forehead) will join hundreds of other Adichanallur artefacts for
display at a revamped gallery in the museum, says Kavitha Ramu,
Director, Department of Museums.</div>
<br />
<div class="img-full-width">
<div class="img-container img-full-w-cont" style="width: 100%;">
<div class="caption-cont ">
<h4>
An Urn burial site at Adichanallur near Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu.
| Photo Credit: <a href="http://www.thehindu.com/profile/photographers/A.-Shaikmohideen/">
A. Shaikmohideen
</a> </h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<br />
<h2>
Digging to the Sangam era</h2>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
At the site in
Adichanallur, abutting the sleepy hamlet called Karungulam, there is
little, if any, sign of past grandeur. On a recent Sunday evening, as
the sun set over the Tamirabarani river, the grassy knoll on the river
bank became a grazing ground for cattle. Bisected by the
Tirunelveli-Tiruchendur road, two rusty signboards of the ASI give
little information on the significance of the site but warn vandals of
punishment.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
A group of women waiting for the bus motioned to this
correspondent. One of them said in Tamil, “If you climb up the mound,
you will see what you are searching for.” To the untrained eye, there is
nothing extraordinary on top of the hummock, except for a view of two
temples of recent origin. But right here, the four excavations in
Adichanallur — by a German, a Frenchman, the British, and finally by
Indians — have unearthed hundreds of burial urns, most likely several
thousands of years old, along with skeletal remains and thousands of
iron and bronze artefacts, including weapons and gold jewellery. These
remains were shipped to Chennai, Kolkata, Berlin and Paris. A recently
constructed building for an on-site museum in Adichanallur waits for the
remains to return. </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Among Tamil enthusiasts, heritage lovers, and
advocates of Dravidian ideology, there has been a resurgence of
interest in Adichanallur, following the recent discovery of an urban
settlement in Keezhadi, in Sivaganga district, dating back to the Sangam
era (300 BC to 300 AD). Many of them have charged the Centre with
wilfully stalling the excavations at Keezhadi, contending that the ASI
was baulking at the prospect of digging out an extensive, ancient Tamil
civilisation that was independent of Vedic Hinduism.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Sangam
literature, especially the earlier works, has been a touchstone for the
Dravidian movement. The poetry of the Sangam canon evokes the inner
world of feelings and the outer world of activity, but is largely silent
on religious practices or even God. Many scholars aver that there is no
trace of Vedic Hinduism in the verses, and almost nothing of the caste
system or Brahmins. To many proponents of the Dravidian movement, the
early Sangam era represents an ideal non-Brahmin, non-caste past, and
gives them their separate identity. “If just the burial site can throw
up so many things, imagine what a full-fledged excavation in
Adichanallur might unearth,” says R. Mathivanan, who served as the
Director the State government’s Tamil Etymological Dictionary project.</div>
<br />
<div class="img-full-width lead-img-verticle">
<div class="img-container img-full-w-cont" style="width: 100%;">
<div class="caption-cont ">
<h4>
A figurine of Mother Goddess unearthed at Adhichanallur, placed at Government Museum in Egmore, Chennai.
| Photo Credit: <a href="http://www.thehindu.com/profile/photographers/B.-Jothi-Ramalingam/">
B. Jothi Ramalingam
</a> </h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The skeletal remains excavated at Adichanallur also did not quite
match the biological structure of the contemporary Tamil people. For
instance, the jaws of many of the skulls were protruding, and appeared
to match those of Australian aborigines or Black Africans rather than a
typical Tamil or south Indian. The shape and size of the eye sockets
resembled those of the Caucasoid, Far Eastern or even African races. A
receding forehead was yet another indicator of foreign origins. </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
For
many decades, experts assumed that the site was 3,000 to 4,000 years
old, and had concluded that the skulls belonged to primitive races that
were the ancestors of today’s Tamils. Some sought to link them to the
people of the Indus Valley, which has been recognised by some scholars
as proto-Dravidian (‘proto’ would mean ‘original, primitive or the
earliest’). Adichanallur was the missing link in time between the Tamils
and the Indus Valley people, they felt. </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
But in the most recent
research, P. Raghavan, a physical anthropologist, has surmised that the
remains belong to the 500 BC to 200 BC period, by which time the
contemporary Tamil population had formed. He has concluded that the
foreign-looking skeletal remains were indeed those of foreigners. But
what were these foreigners doing in Adichanallur thousands of years ago?</div>
<h2 style="text-align: justify;">
Date with the past</h2>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The
most recent Adichanallur excavations in 2004-05, led by Mr.
Satyamurthy, showed that Adichanallur, besides being an Iron Age burial
site, was also a ‘habitation site’ where ancient people lived. In
several reports in <i>The Hindu</i> and <i>Frontline</i> published at that time, journalist T.S. Subramanian explained what was excavated during that dig.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
A research paper published in 2010 in the <i>Indian Journal of History of Science</i>
said that Adichanallur was also an ancient centre for mining and
metalwork. A mineral sample from a burial urn containing copper
artefacts was dated to 1,500 BC, plus or minus 700 years, by Raj Kishore
Gartia of Manipur University. </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
“At Adichanallur, arsenic was
deliberately added to copper so that the alloy could be work-hardened
over a wide range of temperatures without fear of embrittlement. Among
the ancients in India, this technique has been found only in the Indus
Valley, besides Adichanallur,” says B. Sasisekaran, who was serving as a
scientist at the National Institute of Ocean Technology when he did the
research as part of the team. He adds that at the nearby Krishnapuram
too, an ancient mining site was found, indicating that this was not an
isolated activity. The experts concluded that metal artefacts were made
here until the 8th century AD. </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The dating method used has,
however, drawn criticism. In the Thermo-luminescence (TL) and Optically
Stimulated Luminescence dating (OSL) methods adopted, the last time the
mineral was heated (probably for its manufacture) is detected. Critics
say that carbon dating is more appropriate for Adichanallur. </div>
<br />
<div class="img-full-width">
<div class="img-container img-full-w-cont" style="width: 100%;">
<div class="caption-cont ">
<h4>
Gold ornament tied on the forehead during wedding unearthed at Adhichanallur, placed at Government Museum in Egmore, Chennai.
| Photo Credit: <a href="http://www.thehindu.com/profile/photographers/B.-Jothi-Ramalingam/">
B. Jothi Ramalingam
</a> </h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Mr. Sasisekaran counters that OSL is indeed the standard for dating
minerals, as carbon dating is used more for organic material. He adds
that OSL had successfully dated findings by marine archaeologists at the
Gulf of Khambat. But some archaeologists insist that radio carbon
dating at three reputed institutes would settle the issue and also
reduce the error margin in the OSL dating.</div>
<h2>
Diversity of the remains</h2>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
For
quite some time now, Adichanallur has been the playground of
contentious theories voiced across the world. These theories have dealt
with some of the biggest questions concerning the history of not just
India but the entire human race. </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Starting in Chennai, or Madras,
as it was known then, the Adichanallur findings have exercised bright
minds in Kolkata, Berlin, Paris, London, Australia and Ithaca in New
York State, home to Cornell University. </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
“Adittanallur
(Adichanallur) skeletal data have come to be regarded as the keystone
for many theories of race formation, which were based upon the tenets of
an earlier anthropological preoccupation called racial paleontology,”
said Kenneth Kennedy, former professor of physical anthropology at
Cornell, in his essay, “Hauntings at Adichanallur: An anthropological
ghost story”, published in 1986.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Adichanallur’s international
links began with the arrival of German antiquarian and Berlin resident
of Russian descent Friedrich (Fedor) Jagor in the 19th century. Germany
during Jagor’s time was a late entrant to the imperialist game that
still fancied its chances. The Germans believed that they could use
ethnography to understand the native populations they were encountering
in Asia and Africa. This resulted in a race among German cities to boost
their cosmopolitan status and catch up with other cities on the
continent by enhancing the ethnological collections of their museums.
Jagor, a resident of Berlin, was a prominent player in this race.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="img-full-width lead-img-verticle" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="img-container img-full-w-cont" style="width: 100%;">
</div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Between 1857 and 1893, Jagor made three trips to Asia. During his
second expedition in 1876, he excavated “upwards of fifty kinds, of
baked earthenware, utensils of all sizes and shapes, a considerable
number of iron weapons and implements… and a great quantity of bones and
skulls”, wrote the District Gazetteer. Jagor shipped his finds to the
Ethnological Museum of Berlin.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Jagor has left detailed chronicles
of his travels, but not of Adichanallur. “Jagor brought back some 10,000
artefacts in all. The Indian artefacts were first stored at the
Ethnological Museum and in 1963 were brought to the newly established
Department of Indian Art, now a part of the Museum of Asian Art next to
the Ethnological Museum,” says Roland Platz, curator for South/Southeast
Asia at the Berlin Ethnological Museum.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Jagor may not have
written about Adichanallur but his treasures were becoming well known in
Europe, noted Kennedy. Louis Lapicque, a French neuroscientist who
believed in race theories, landed in Adichanallur in 1903. Kennedy added
that Lapicque dug out one skull that, according to Lapicque,
constituted evidence of a primitive Negroid race. This skull was
“proudly displayed” at the Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle in
Paris, according to Kennedy, who noted that many other experts of that
time were also weighing in on the skeletal remains.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Meanwhile,
Alexander Rea, the superintending archaeologist of the ASI in Madras,
had started his own excavation at the turn of the 20th century. In all
he excavated 14 skeletal remains, and many of the artefacts he dug out
were put on display at the Egmore Museum in Chennai.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
In 1930,
Solly Zuckerman, a research anatomist, did a measurement-based study of
two Adichanallur skulls. He found the first to be somewhat Australoid
but didn’t think it was too different from being Dravidian. The second,
he said, was likely female, and remarkably similar to the Old Woman of
Grimaldi, one of two Stone Age skeletal remains found in Italy. </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The
Grimaldi finds were thought to support the ‘Out of Europe’ theory which
was later discredited. The Grimaldis were supposed to be examples of
darker-skinned Europeans who gave rise to Black Africans and, probably
for Zuckermann, Dravidians too. </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
In 1963, Indian anthropologists
B.K. Gupta and P. Chatterjee published a study based on more advanced
skeletal evaluation techniques in which they said the skeletons showed a
medley of “primitive” features that belonged to Veddoid-Australoid and
Mediterranean races. These races had “contributed to the formation of
Dravidian speakers”, they said.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
‘Vedda’ is a tribe that is still
found in today’s Sri Lanka. In Tamil, ‘Vedda’ stands for the hunter
tribe. As per the folklore, the most popular deity in the State,
Murugan, comes from that tribe. </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The two Indian anthropologists
noted that the Australoid and the Mediterranean skeletal remains had
also been found in Indus Valley Civilisation, thus establishing a link
with Adichanallur. </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Reviewing these studies, Kennedy concluded in
his essay that the Adichanallur remains found until then were quite
diverse. On that basis, he called for more conclusive excavations and
analysis so that the ghosts of Adichanallur could be put to rest.</div>
<h2 style="text-align: justify;">
The Aussie connection</h2>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
By
2014, the ‘Out of Africa’ theory had become the scientific consensus on
the origin of man, and Australia had embarked on a project that would
show that the aborigines in that country were descendants of ‘Out of
Africa’ migrants living in South and Southeast Asia during the Ice Age.
The Australoids had reportedly pushed towards Australia through sea and
land routes — apparently, Australia was attached to the mainland then.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Among
the scientists working in that project was P. Raghavan, who was born to
Indian Tamil parents in Jaffna but left the island nation in the late
1970s due to the ethnic strife there. He and his sister Gayatri
Pathmanathan moved to Chandigarh as researchers. Raghavan later moved to
Australia.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
In December 2004, he was on a visit to Chennai for his
research on the link between aborigines and South India. A hotel
receptionist, after asking about his profession, informed him that some
ancient skeletons had been unearthed at Adichanallur. “Adichanallur
became my passion...” says Mr. Raghavan.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
While physical
anthropologists before him saw Adichanallur in isolation, Mr. Raghavan,
assisted by his sister, saw it in the context of Korkai, some 15 km from
Adichanallur, and the Sangam references to it as a port involved in sea
trade and pearl fishing. Radio carbon dating had found that a sample
from Korkai was circa 800 BC. At that time (2,500 years ago) the sea
might have been at least 6-7 km inland, he says.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
After research
using advanced software and databases, and scrutiny of the fossil and
semi-fossil records in the area, he testifies to the foreign origin of
the people whose skeletal remains were found. He says they date to
2,500-2,200 BC. “Many of the Adichanallur skulls were that of people
from the Middle East, the Mediterranean region, Southeast Asia and the
Far East, including what is today Vietnam, Cambodia, China and Japan.
The skulls had abnormalities and nutritional deficiencies of the kind
typically suffered by seafarers and deep-sea divers. They probably came
in through the silk trade route, and the burial ground excavated was
probably an exclusive cemetery for foreigners,” Mr. Raghavan says. The
skull remains pointed to sexually transmitted diseases, which was again
was a prevalent aspect of seafarers, he adds.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Some of the skulls
had mysterious, well margined cavities just above the eyebrows. Mr.
Raghavan says that they were probably caused by non-cancerous (benign)
tumors (also known as Pott’s Puff Tumors) and related to excessive
sinuses. They were likely caused by certain bacteria that often attack
sailors and deep sea divers, he adds.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The Egmore Museum gallery
seeks to highlight the sea trade aspect. “The revamped Adichanallur
gallery in Egmore Museum will give visitors a feel of ancient Tamil life
and their maritime activities through the use of virtual and augmented
reality,” says K. Pandiarajan, <a href="http://www.thehindu.com/tag/204-81/tamil-nadu/?utm=bodytag"><b>Tamil Nadu </b></a>Minister
for Tamil Official Language and Tamil Culture.“We hope to draw in
Central as well as Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) funds for the
overall museum revamp project,” he adds. </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
“The State government
has sanctioned ₹30 lakh for refurbishing the Adichanallur gallery, which
will be completed by March-April,” says Kavitha Ramu of the Department
of Museums.</div>
<h2 style="text-align: justify;">
Awaiting closure</h2>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Mr. Raghavan says that
of the nearly 170 skeletal remains studied, Caucasoid constituted 35%,
Mongoloid 30%, Negroid 14%, Australoid 5%, Dravidian 8%, and mixed
traits 8%. He says that the Australoid were likely contemporary
Australian aborigines who were known to have had seafaring qualities.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Modern
anthropologists frown upon any significance being attached to race,
save for the purposes of reconstructing history. The present belief is
that there are four races: Australoid, Negroid, Caucasoid and Mongoloid.
But these are statistical constructs that do not determine or describe
culture, behaviour or ability. No one is purely of any race and the
races are not closed genetic systems.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
“In any case, India is an
admixture of all the four races. The extent of the mix may vary from
region to region,” says Mr. Raghavan, adding that Dravidian and Aryan
are linguistic and not racial entities.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Dravidianists argue that
as long as there are caste-based inequalities and concentration of power
in the upper castes, empowerment politics based on race and identity
are both relevant and necessary. </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
When marriage across caste
boundaries becomes commonplace, such politics won’t be required, they
say. They hope that an extensive excavation will conclusively establish a
glorious Tamil civilisation along the Tamirabarani. “Less than 10% of
the site has been excavated. There is scope for much more work there,”
says Mr. Satyamurthy.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Mr. Raghavan’s finding offers closure to at
least one aspect, however. Fedor Jagor came looking for the remains of a
primitive people to exhibit in a Berlin museum so that the city could
present itself as more cosmopolitan. Little would he have known that he
was digging up an ancient cosmopolitan cemetery, if not the burial place
of an entire cosmopolitan community.</div>
</div>
<h1 class="special-article-heading" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"> </span></h1>
<h1 class="special-article-heading" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: xx-small;">**********</span><span style="font-size: xx-small;"></span></h1>
</div>
GREEN FEATUREShttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13728970908961018694noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-536225285417120020.post-13863737275277171022018-01-14T01:21:00.000+05:302018-01-14T01:24:33.547+05:30देश की न्यायिक अंतरात्मा को झकझोरने वाली घटना<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<h2>
<b>देश की न्यायिक अंतरात्मा को झकझोरने वाली घटना</b></h2>
<b><span style="color: purple;">संपादकीय</span></b><br />
<b><span style="color: purple;"><img alt="" class=" wp-image-42621 aligncenter" height="67" src="https://afeias.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/Dainik-Bhaskar-Logo-2-300x137-300x137.jpg" width="147" /> </span></b><br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
सुप्रीम कोर्ट के चार वरिष्ठ
न्यायमूर्तियों ने भारत के मुख्य न्यायाधीश के विरुद्ध प्रेस कॉन्फ्रेंस
करते हुए न्यायपालिका और लोकतंत्र को बचाने की अपील कर सभी को सकते में डाल
दिया है। उनके आरोप सामान्य नहीं हैं और न ही यह घटना सामान्य है। भारत के
न्यायिक इतिहास में आज तक ऐसा नहीं हुआ और इस असंतोष का इस तरह से समाधान
किया जाना चाहिए कि भविष्य में भी ऐसा न हो। ऊपरी तौर पर वरिष्ठ
न्यायाधीशों की आपत्ति उस रोस्टर को लेकर है, जिसके तहत भारत के मुख्य
न्यायाधीश यह तय करते हैं कि कौन-सा मुकदमा किस पीठ के पास जाएगा। निश्चित
तौर पर लोकतंत्र या कोई भी व्यवस्था कार्य विभाजन पर ही चलती है और उसके
लिए एक प्रशासन होता है। यह काम अगर निष्पक्षता से चलता रहे तो कोई दिक्कत
नहीं है। जैसे ही मनमानापन और पक्षपात किया जाता है वैसे ही न्याय और
निष्पक्षता को आघात पहुंचता है। जजों का आरोप है कि मुख्य न्यायाधीश दीपक
मिश्र सारे महत्वपूर्ण मामले स्वयं सुनते हैं और दूसरे जजों को उस काम का
मौका नहीं देते। देश की व्यवस्था के लिए अहम मामले भी कुछ खास जजों के पास
जाते हैं और यह कार्यवितरण तर्क और विवेक के आधार पर नहीं होता। फिर
सोहराबुद्दीन मामले की सुनवाई कर रहे न्यायमूर्ति बीएम लोया की मौत पर दायर
जनहित याचिका भी सीजेआई ने मनमाने तरीके से कोर्ट नंबर 10 को भेज दी।
चारों जज मेडिकल कॉलेज घोटाले के उस मामले से भी खफा हैं, जिसकी सुनवाई
सीजेआई ने एक बेंच विशेष से छीन कर दूसरे को दे दी थी। उनकी चौथी आपत्ति
न्यायाधीशों की नियुक्ति संबंधी सरकार के साथ निर्धारित सहमति-पत्र के बारे
में है जिस पर एक बार पांच जजों की पीठ से सुनवाई हो चुकी है लेकिन मुख्य
न्यायाधीश ने उसे छोटी बेंच को भेज दिया है। यह सारे मामले पहले एक एक करके
उठते रहे हैं लेकिन, गुरुवार को चार वरिष्ठ जजों ने जिस तरह से बाकायदा
प्रेस कॉन्फ्रेंस करके भारत के मुख्य न्यायाधीश की न्यायिक दृष्टि और
प्रशासन पर संदेह व्यक्त किया है वह पूरी न्यायिक अंतरात्मा को झकझोर देने
वाली घटना है। इस मामले में न्यायपालिका के साथ कार्यपालिका कहीं न कहीं
संबंध है और उसे भी सफाई देने और अपने को दुरुस्त करने की जरूरत है। अगर
देश में न्यायपालिका की साख को बट्टा लगेगा और कानून के राज का क्षय होगा
तो भला जनता किस पर भरोसा करेगी?</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
<strong>न्यायपालिका की गरिमा के प्रतिकूल</strong></h2>
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
<strong><img alt="" class=" wp-image-42620 aligncenter" height="39" src="https://afeias.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/naidunia_logo_18_10_2013-300x61-300x61.jpg" width="191" /> </strong></h2>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<strong><span style="color: purple;">एनके सिंह, (लेखक राजनीतिक विश्लेषक एवं वरिष्ठ स्तंभकार हैं)</span></strong></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
यह भारत की ही नहीं, दुनिया की न्याय
बिरादरी में एक भूकंप की मानिंद था। भारत में न्यायपालिका और खासकर
सर्वोच्च न्यायालय एक ऐसी संस्था है, जिस पर समाज का बहुत अधिक भरोसा है।
जब कोई हर संस्था से न्याय की उम्मीद छोड़ चुका होता है, तो वह सर्वोच्च
न्यायालय की ओर निहारता है, लेकिन शुक्रवार को इस न्यायालय के चार वरिष्ठ
न्यायाधीशों द्वारा आनन-फानन एक संवाददाता सम्मेलन बुलाया जाता है और एक
संयुक्त पत्र जारी कर देश की सबसे बड़ी अदालत के प्रधान न्यायाधीश पर
न्यायसम्मत तरीके से कार्य न करने का आरोप लगाया जाता है। उनकी ओर से यह भी
कहा जाता है कि अगर हम आज सुप्रीम कोर्ट की मौजूदा स्थिति के खिलाफ न खड़े
होते तो अब से 20 साल बाद समाज के कुछ बुद्धिमान व्यक्ति यह कहते कि हमने
‘अपनी आत्मा बेच दी थी। इन चारों न्यायाधीशों ने यह भी बयान किया कि वे इस
मामले में प्रधान न्यायाधीश के पास गए थे, लेकिन उन्हें वहां से खाली हाथ
लौटना पड़ा।इस प्रेस कांफ्रेंस को संपन्न् हुए पांच मिनट भी नहीं हुए थे कि
कई वरिष्ठ वकीलों ने पक्ष-विपक्ष में अपने-अपने तर्क देने शुरू कर दिए। अगर
वकील प्रशांत भूषण ने मीडिया में आकर प्रधान न्यायाधीश के कथित चहेते जजों
का नाम और वे मामले जो उन्हें सौंपे गए, बताना शुरू कर दिया तो पूर्व
न्यायाधीश जस्टिस आरएस सोढ़ी ने इन चार वकीलों के कदम को सर्वोच्च न्यायालय
की गरिमा गिराने वाला, हास्यास्पद और बचकाना करार दिया। वकील केटीएस तुलसी
और इंदिरा जयसिंह नेे चार जजों का पक्ष लिया तो पूर्व एटॉर्नी जनरल एवं
वरिष्ठ वकील सोली सोराबजी ने चार जजों की ओर से प्रेस कांफ्रेंस करने पर
घोर निराशा जताई। इंदिरा जयसिंह तो चार जजों की प्रेस कांफ्रेंस में भी नजर
आई थीं।</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
चार जजों की प्रेस कांफ्रेंस के
औचित्य-अनौचित्य को लेकर तरह-तरह के तर्कों के बाद आम जनता के लिए यह समझना
कठिन है कि यह सब क्यों हुआ और इसके क्या परिणाम होंगे? उसके मन में यह
सवाल भी कहीं जोर से कौंधेगा कि सुप्रीम कोर्ट में सब कुछ ठीक है या नहीं?
इन सवालों का चाहे जो जवाब हो, पहली नजर में यही अधिक लगता है कि एक
विश्वसनीय संस्था व्यक्तिगत अहंकार या वर्चस्व की जंग का शिकार हो गई। जब
प्रेस कांफ्रेंस में चार न्यायाधीशों से पूछा गया कि क्या वे प्रधान
न्यायाधीश के खिलाफ महाभियोग लाने के पक्षधर हैं तो उनका जवाब था कि यह देश
को तय करना है। क्या इसका यह मतलब निकाला जाए कि सुप्रीम कोर्ट के ये चार
जज प्रधान न्यायाधीश के खिलाफ महाभियोग के पक्ष में हैैं? ध्यान रहे कि
सर्वोच्च न्यायालय ही नहीं, हाईकोर्ट के जज भी भारत के संविधान द्वारा
अभिरक्षित हैं और उन्हें मात्र महाभियोग के जरिए ही हटाया जा सकता है। यह
एक जटिल प्रक्रिया है।</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
भारत में सुप्रीम कोर्ट के पांच
न्यायाधीशों की पीठ संविधान पीठ का दर्जा पा जाती है और उसके फैसलों में
कानून की ताकत होती है। हमने अभी तक कभी-कभार कमजोर आवाज में केंद्रीय बार
कौंसिल और राज्य बार एसोसिएशनों द्वारा जजों के खिलाफ व्यक्तिगत मामलों में
आरोप लगते हुए देखा-सुना था,लेकिन पिछले 70 साल में एक बार भी ऐसा देखने
में नहीं आया कि सर्वोच्च न्यायालय के चार वरिष्ठ जज प्रधान न्यायाधीश के
खिलाफ प्रेस कांफ्रेंस करें और वह भी केसों के आवंटन में कथित पक्षपात को
लेकर। इन चार जजों का कहना है कि कौन-सा केस किस बेंच के पास जाएगा, यह तो
प्रधान न्यायाधीश के अधिकार क्षेत्र में होता है, लेकिन यह प्रक्रिया भी
कुछ स्थापित परंपराओं के अनुरूप चलाई जाती है। जैसे सामान प्रकृति के मामले
सामान बेंच को जाते हैं और यह निर्धारण मामलों की प्रकृति के आधार पर होता
है, न कि केस के आधार पर। अगर इन चार जजों को प्रधान न्यायाधीश की
कार्यप्रणाली से एतराज था तो वे सभी जजों की सुबह होने वाली बैठक में इस
मुद्दे को उठाते और एक आम सहमति बनाने का प्रयास करते। अगर यह तरीका कारगर
नहीं हुआ, जैसा कि संकेत किया गया तो फिर ये जज प्रधान न्यायाधीश की केस
आवंटन प्रक्रिया के खिलाफ स्वयं संज्ञान लेते हुए फैसला दे सकते थे। ऐसा
कोई फैसला स्वत: सार्वजनिक होता और कम से कम उससे यह ध्वनि तो नहीं निकलती
कि सार्वजानिक तौर पर कुछ वरिष्ठ जज प्रधान न्यायाधीश के खिलाफ सड़क पर आ गए
हैं।</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
चार जजों की प्रेस कांफ्रेंस के बाद तो
उच्च न्यायालयों के स्तर पर भी ऐसा ही हो सकता है और वहां भी कुछ जज मुख्य
न्यायाधीश की कथित गड़बड़ीपूर्ण कार्यप्रणाली के खिलाफ प्रेस कांफ्रेंस कर
सकते हैं। क्या अब उन्हें इस तरह से प्रेस कांफ्रेंस करने से रोका जा सकता
है? अगर यह मान भी लिया जाए कि केसों के आवंटन का काम सही तरह से नहीं हो
रहा था तो क्या उसके खिलाफ इस तरह खुलेआम आवाज उठाना न्यायापालिका की गरिमा
के अनुकूल है? आधुनिक न्यायशास्त्र का मूल सिद्धांत कहता है कि आप चाहे
जितने भी बड़े क्यों न हों, लेकिन कानून आपसे बड़ा होता है। कानून के अनुसार
ऐसा कोई बयान जो अदलत की गरिमा को गिराता है, अदालत की अवमानना है। अगर कोई
अदालत की अवमानना संबंधी कानून को गौर से पढ़े तो वह यही पाएगा कि इन चार
जजों के बयान अवमानना की श्रेणी में आते हैैं। यही बात उन वकीलों के बारे
में कही जा सकती है, जो चार जजों की इस प्रेस कांफ्रेंस के तुरंत बाद उनके
समर्थन में सक्रिय हो गए। जिस तरह चंद वकील इस मामले में जरूरत से ज्यादा
दिलचस्पी दिखा रहे हैं, उससे भी कई सवाल खड़े होते हैैं। अगर किसी रिपोर्टर
ने अपनी खबर में ऐसा कुछ लिखा होता कि सर्वोच्च न्यायालय में जजों को केसों
का आवंटन भेदभाव के तहत किया जा रहा है, तो इसे अवमानना मानकर उसे तलब कर
लिया जाता, लेकिन इस मामले में बार ही नहीं, बेंच में भी विभाजन दिख रहा है
और उनके बीच के मतभेद एक-दूसरे पर आरोप के जरिए सामने आ रहे हैं। यह आदर्श
स्थिति तो नहीं और इसीलिए यह कहा जा सकता है कि जो कुछ हुआ उससे सर्वोच्च
न्यायालय की गरिमा प्रभावित हुई है।</div>
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सर्वोच्च न्यायालय ही नहीं, उच्च न्यायालय
के पास भी दो तरह के कार्य होते हैं। पहला, न्याय का निष्पादन करना और
दूसरा, न्याय प्रशासन देखना। यह दूसरा काम आम तौर पर मुख्य न्यायाधीश के
हाथ में होता है। जजों के पास केवल फैसले देने का काम होता है। कॉलेजियम की
व्यवस्था के तहत पांच सबसे वरिष्ठ जज नए जजों की नियुक्ति प्रक्रिया में
भी भाग लेते हैं। यह हैरान करता है कि एक दिन पहले कॉलेजियम दो जजों के नाम
तय करता है और अगले दिन चार वरिष्ठ जज प्रधान न्यायाधीश के खिलाफ मोर्चा
खोल देते हैैं। अगर यह सही है कि प्रधान न्यायाधीश सभी समान लोगों में से
केवल पहले नंबर पर होते हैैं, इससे अधिक और कुछ नहीं तो फिर यही बात
सुप्रीम कोर्ट की सभी बेंचों पर भी तो लागू होती है।</div>
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<h2>
<b> </b></h2>
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GREEN FEATUREShttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13728970908961018694noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-536225285417120020.post-90481706188039962252018-01-14T01:12:00.001+05:302018-01-14T01:12:26.406+05:30भीमा कोरेगांव: ऐतिहासिक नायकों की तलाश में दलित<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<h2 class="date-header">
<span></span>भीमा कोरेगांव: ऐतिहासिक नायकों की तलाश में दलित
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<b><span lang="HI" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS",sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS",sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"><span></span></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS",sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">-<span lang="HI">राम पुनियानी</span></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS",sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"><span lang="HI"> </span><span></span></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="HI" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS",sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">महाराष्ट्र
के कोरेगांव में एक जनवरी </span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS",sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">2018<span lang="HI"> को उन दलित
सिपाहियों</span>, <span lang="HI">जो सन् </span>1818<span lang="HI"> में पेशवा के
खिलाफ युद्ध में अंग्रेजों की ओर से लड़ते हुए मारे गए थे</span>, <span lang="HI">को
श्रद्धांजलि देने के लिए इकट्ठा हुए दलितों के खिलाफ अभूतपूर्व हिंसा हुई। सन् </span>1927<span lang="HI"> में अंबेडकर ने
कोरेगांव जाकर इन शहीदों को अपनी श्रद्धांजलि दी थी। दलितों द्वारा हर साल भीमा
कोरेगांव में इकट्ठा होकर मृत सैनिकों को श्रद्धांजलि देना</span>, <span lang="HI">दलित
पहचान को बुलंद करने के प्रतीक के रूप में देखा जाने लगा है। इस साल यह समारोह बड़े
पैमाने पर आयोजित किया गया क्योंकि इस युद्ध के </span>200<span lang="HI"> साल पूरे
हो रहे थे। विवाद एक दलित - गोविंद गायकवाड़ - जिसके बारे में यह कहा जाता है कि
उसने संभाजी का अंतिम संस्कार किया था - की समाधि को अपवित्र किए जाने से शुरू
हुआ। भगवा झंडाधारियों ने उन दलितों पर पत्थर फेंके जो भीमा कोरेगांव मे इकट्ठा
हुए थे। शिवाजी प्रतिष्ठान और समस्त हिन्दू अगादी नामक हिन्दुत्व संगठन इस हिंसा
के अगुआ थे। </span><span></span></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="HI" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS",sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">पुणे
के शनिवारवाड़ा</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS",sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">,
<span lang="HI">जो पेशवाओं के राज का केन्द्र था</span>, <span lang="HI">में एक सभा
को संबोधित करते हुए दलित नेता जिग्नेश मेवानी ने </span>‘<span lang="HI">आधुनिक पेशवाई</span>‘
<span lang="HI">के खिलाफ संघर्ष शुरू करने का आव्हान किया। </span>‘<span lang="HI">आधुनिक
पेशवाई</span>‘ <span lang="HI">से उनका आशय भाजपा-आरएसएस की राजनीति से था। जिस सभा
में उन्होंने भाषण दिया</span>, <span lang="HI">वहां दलितों के साथ-साथ अन्य
समुदायों के नेता भी उपस्थित थे। इस घटना पर विभिन्न प्रतिक्रियाएं हुईं। कुछ लोग
इसे मराठा विरूद्ध दलित संघर्ष बता रहे हैं तो कुछ का कहना है कि यह दलितों पर
हिन्दुत्ववादी ताकतों का हमला है। एक ट्वीट में राहुल गांधी ने इस घटना के लिए
भाजपा की फासीवादी व दलित-विरोधी मानसिकता को दोषी ठहराया।</span><span></span></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="HI" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS",sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">भीमा
कोरेगांव युद्ध का इतिहास</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS",sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">, <span lang="HI">समाज में व्याप्त कई मिथकों को
तोड़ता है । इस युद्ध में एक ओर थे अंग्रेज</span>, <span lang="HI">जो अपने
साम्राज्य का विस्तार करना चाहते थे, तो दूसरी ओर थे पेशवा</span>, <span lang="HI">जो
अपने राज को बचाना चाहते थे। अंग्रेजों ने अपनी सेना में बड़ी संख्या में दलितों को
भर्ती किया था। इनमें महाराष्ट्र के महार</span>, <span lang="HI">तमिलनाडू के
पार्या और बंगाल के नामशूद्र शामिल थे। अंग्रेजों ने उन्हें अपनी सेना में इसलिए शामिल
किया था क्योंकि वे अपने नियोक्ताओं के प्रति वफादार रहते थे और आसानी से उपलब्ध
थे। पेशवा की सेना में अरब के भाड़े के सैनिक शामिल थे। इससे यह साफ है कि
मध्यकालीन इतिहास को हिन्दू बनाम मुस्लिम संघर्ष के रूप में प्रस्तुत किया जाना
कितना गलत है। जहां इब्राहिम खान गर्दी</span>, <span lang="HI">शिवाजी की सेना में शामिल
थे वहीं बाजीराव पेशवा की सेना में अरब सैनिक थे। दुर्भाग्यवश</span>, <span lang="HI">आज हम अतीत को साम्प्रदायिकता के चश्मे से देख रहे हैं और इस बात को स्वीकार
करने के लिए तैयार नहीं हैं कि युद्धों का उद्देश्य केवल और केवल संपत्ति और सत्ता
हासिल करना था। </span><span></span></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="HI" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS",sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">बाद
में अंग्रेजों ने दलितों और महारों को अपनी सेना में भर्ती करना बंद कर दिया
क्योंकि उन्होंने पाया कि ऊँची जातियों के सिपाही अपने दलित अफसरों को सेल्युट
करने और उनसे आदेश लेने के लिए तैयार नहीं थे। अंबेडकर का प्रयास यह था कि दलितों
की ब्रिटिश सेना में भर्ती जारी रहे और इसी सिलसिले में उन्होंने यह सुझाव दिया कि
सेना में अलग से महार रेजिमेंट बनाई जानी चाहिए। महार सिपाहियों के पक्ष में
अंबेडकर इसलिए खड़े हुए क्योंकि वे चाहते थे कि समाज के विभिन्न क्षेत्रों में
दलितों की मौजूदगी हो। </span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS",sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><span></span></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="HI" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS",sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">क्या
भीमा कोरेगांव युद्ध दलितों द्वारा पेशवाई को समाप्त करने का प्रयास था</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS",sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">? <span lang="HI">यह सही है कि पेशवाओं का शासन घोर ब्राम्हणवादी था। शूद्रों को अपने गले
में एक मटकी लटकाकर चलना पड़ता था और उनकी कमर में एक झाड़ू बंधी रहती थी ताकि वे
जिस रास्ते पर चलें</span>, <span lang="HI">उसे साफ करते जाएं। यह जातिगत भेदभाव और
अत्याचार का चरम था। क्या अंग्रेज</span>, <span lang="HI">बाजीराव के खिलाफ इसलिए
लड़ रहे थे क्योंकि वे पेशवाओं के ब्राम्हणवाद का अंत करना चाहते थे</span>? <span lang="HI">कतई नहीं। वे तो केवल अपने साम्राज्य की सीमाओं का विस्तार करने के इच्छुक
थे ताकि उनका व्यापार और फले-फूले और उन्हें भारत को लूटने के और अवसर उपलब्ध हो
सकें। इसी तरह</span>, <span lang="HI">महार सिपाही</span>, <span lang="HI">पेशवा के
खिलाफ इसलिए लड़े क्योंकि वे अपने नियोक्ता अर्थात अंग्रेजों के प्रति वफादार थे।
यह सही है कि इसके कुछ समय बाद देश में समाज सुधार की प्रक्रिया शुरू हुई और उसका
कारण थी आधुनिक शिक्षा। अंग्रेजों ने देश में आधुनिक शिक्षा व्यवस्था इसलिए लागू
की ताकि प्रशासन के निचले पायदानों पर काम करने के लिए लोग उन्हें उपलब्ध हो सकें।
समाज सुधार इस प्रक्रिया का अनायास प्रतिफल था। अंग्रेज़ भारत की सामाजिक व्यवस्था
में परिवर्तन लाने के लिए अपनी नीतियां नहीं बनाते थे। वैसे भी</span>, <span lang="HI">उस दौर में जातिगत शोषण के प्रति उस तरह की सामाजिक जागृति नहीं थी जैसी
कि बाद में जोतिबा फुले के प्रयासों से आई।</span><span></span></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="HI" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS",sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">यह
कहना कि पेशवा राष्ट्रवादी थे और दलित</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS",sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">, <span lang="HI">ब्रिटिश सेना में
भर्ती होकर साम्राज्यवादी शक्तियों का समर्थन कर रहे थे</span>, <span lang="HI">बेबुनियाद
है। राष्ट्रवाद की अवधारणा ही औपनिवेशिक शासनकाल में उभरी। ब्रिटिश शासन के कारण
देश में जो सामाजिक-आर्थिक परिवर्तन आए</span>, <span lang="HI">उनके चलते दो तरह के
राष्ट्रवाद उभरे। पहला था भारतीय राष्ट्रवाद</span>, <span lang="HI">जो
उद्योगपतियों</span>, <span lang="HI">व्यापारियों</span>, <span lang="HI">शिक्षित
व्यक्तियों</span>, <span lang="HI">श्रमिकों
और पददलित तबके के नए उभरते वर्गों की महत्वाकांक्षाओं की अभिव्यक्ति था। दूसरे
प्रकार का राष्ट्रवाद धर्म पर आधारित था - हिन्दू राष्ट्रवाद और मुस्लिम
राष्ट्रवाद। इसके प्रणेता थे जमींदार और राजा-नवाब</span>, <span lang="HI">जो समाज
में प्रजातांत्रिक मूल्यों के प्रति बढ़ते आकर्षण से भयातुर थे और धर्म के नाम पर
अपना वर्चस्व बनाए रखना चाहते थे। </span><span></span></span></b></div>
<b><span lang="HI" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS",sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">पिछले
कुछ वर्षों में देश में दलितों के बीच असंतोष बढ़ा है। इसको पीछे कई कारण हैं।
रोहित वेम्युला की संस्थागत हत्या और ऊना में दलितों की निर्मम पिटाई इसके लिए कम
जिम्मेदार नहीं हैं। वर्तमान सरकार की नीतियां</span><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS",sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">, <span lang="HI">दलितों
को समाज के हाशिए पर धकेल रहीं हैं - फिर चाहे वह आर्थिक क्षेत्र हो या शिक्षा का
क्षेत्र। कोरेगांव में भारी संख्या में दलितों का इकट्ठा होना इस बात का प्रतीक है
कि वर्तमान स्थितियों से वे गहरे तक असंतुष्ट हैं। नए उभरे दलित संगठन समाज के
अन्य दमित वर्गों के साथ गठजोड़ कर रहे हैं। भीमा कोरेगांव में हुई घटनाओं के बाद
धार्मिक अल्पसंख्यकों</span>, <span lang="HI">श्रमिकों और कई अन्य सामाजिक संगठनों
ने दलितों के साथ अपनी एकजुटता प्रदर्शित की। दलित</span>, <span lang="HI">अतीत के
नायकों से प्रेरणा ग्रहण करने का प्रयास कर रहे हैं। हालिया घटनाक्रम से यह साफ है
कि वे भारतीय प्रजातंत्र में अपना यथोचित स्थान पाने के लिए दृढ़ संकल्पित हैं। उन
पर हिन्दू दक्षिणपंथी समूहों का आक्रमण</span>, <span lang="HI">दलितों की
महत्वाकांक्षाओं को दबाने और कुचलने का प्रयास है। <i>(अंग्रेजी से हिन्दी रूपांतरण अमरीश
हरदेनिया) </i></span></span></b><br />
<h2 class="date-header">
<span>January 13, 2018.</span></h2>
</div>
GREEN FEATUREShttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13728970908961018694noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-536225285417120020.post-38389626156935565222018-01-14T00:09:00.002+05:302018-01-14T00:09:50.626+05:30 Responses to Globalisation: The Indian Experience<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #aa0000;"><b>Responses to Globalisation: The Indian Experience </b></span></div>
<br /><span style="color: #aa0000;"><b> by Rohini Hensman (URG, Bombay)</b></span><br />
<br />
<hr noshade="noshade" />
<span style="font-size: medium;"></span>
<span style="font-size: medium;">link: <a href="http://www.sacw.net/aii/RHglobal.html">http://www.sacw.net/aii/RHglobal.html</a></span><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">source: </span><a href="http://www.sacw.net/index.html">South Asia Citizens Web</a><br />
<br />
<br />
I should begin by clarifying that what I mean by 'globalisation' is the increasing
degree of integration of national economies into a global world economy. This process
has entered a qualitatively new phase over the past fifteen years with the collapse
of the Soviet bloc and the opening up of the countries within it, as well as of China,
to the penetration of Western capitalism. India too has participated in this process,
although in a less spectacular way, by the economic liberalisation of 1991.<br />
<br />
'Less spectacular' because prior to this, India was by no means cut off from world
economy. However, there were stringent controls on the import of a large number of
commodities, and likewise controls over foreign investments through a complicated
licensing system which in most cases did not allow more than 40 per cent of the equity
in any company to be held by foreign capital. In this sense it could be said that
there was considerable state intervention in the economy. The system - popularly
known as 'licence-permit raj' - allowed for widespread corruption, but it also provided
a protected environment in which domestic industry could develop and grow.<br />
<br />
Basic infrastructure in the form of services such as water and electricity supply,
the postal service, transport and banking was on the whole provided by the state.
State provision of social security and welfare was less in evidence: public health
and education were woefully inadequate, social security for the elderly and unemployed
virtually non-existent. Perhaps the most significant input was in the form of a plethora
of subsidies. Some, like the subsidies which went into the Public Distribution System
of food and kerosene rations, would have benefited <br />
mainly the poor, though not necessarily only the poor, and certainly not all the
poor. Others were even less well targeted; for example, the fertiliser subsidy was
probably most beneficial to rich farmers.<br />
<br />
In July 1991 there was a foreign exchange crisis, and the government turned to the
IMF and World Bank for financial assistance. The price was adoption of a programme
of economic stabilisation and structural adjustment, with the usual implications
of a drastic reduction of state intervention in the economy, resulting, among other
things, in a higher degree of globalisation. However, it is important to note that
the effects of this economic liberalisation were not nearly as drastic as they were
in Sri Lanka. The value of the rupee dropped sharply against foreign <br />
currencies, but prices of essential commodities rose much less, so living standards
of the poor did not fall so steeply. The implementation of some of the other measures
has been slowed down or stalled, partly due to public protest; the process, on the
whole, has been much more within the control of the Indian government than in many
other countries. There has been nothing like the de-industrialisation and sharp increase
in unemployment which took place in countries like Argentina. What has occurred,
however, is a de-unionisation of industry by the transfer of production from unionised
to non-unionised workforces. This was already taking place, but increased competition
resulting from economic liberalisation accelerated the process. The lack of state
<br />
investment in basic infrastructure has led to an alarming decline in the rate of
growth of power supply and other services. We can say that the situation of widespread
poverty and unemployment which existed prior to 1991 has become somewhat worse, the
gap between rich and poor has become larger.<br />
<br />
What have been the responses to globalisation in particular? I think they can be
divided into four categories:
<br />
<blockquote>
(1) the internationalist response of Indian business; <br />
(2) the nationalist response of Indian business; <br />
(3) the nationalist response of the Indian Left; and <br />
(4) the internationalist response of the Indian Left.
</blockquote>
<br />
<b>(1)</b> One section of Indian business had advanced sufficiently by the early
1990s to feel confident of their ability to withstand global competition in both
domestic and international markets. These companies and groups did not feel threatened
by the opening up of the economy to the more rapid movement of trade and investments
between global markets, and the sharp increase in levels of competititon. <br />
<br />
The scrapping of controls on expansion meant that Indian firms could aspire to global
economies of scale, while the lifting of controls on the outward movement of capital
meant that it was easier for Indian businesses to think of internationalising their
own operations. A company which wants to break into a new market abroad has to be
able to withstand a period of initial losses before it can establish itself; to cover
those losses it needs substantial reserves of foreign exchange, without which it
cannot even think of expanding in this way. Even more obvious is the need of foreign
exchange for companies which are planning to invest abroad. For those companies which
were all set to become Indian multinationals, liberalisation was imperative to their
future expansion.<br />
<br />
Interestingly, among those who accepted the challenge of globalisation were some
of the largest and most successful of the public sector enterprises, such as Indian
Oil, Hindustan Petroleum, BPCL, Steel Authority of India and the power engineering
giant BHEL. Some of these enterprises have gone in for production sharing agreements
with international companies in third countries. The private sector, by contrast,
is littered with outdated capacities and unviable technologies, and financial institutions
have therefore advocated concerted concentration as a means of creating globally
competitive industries. For example, ICICI recently advised petrochemical firms to
sell out or enter into strategic alliances with foreign companies if they found themselves
unable to face competition due to small capacities or out-dated technology. Indian
businesses have often been strongest in niche markets. Telco was able to take on
and defeat big names like Toyota, Nissan, Mazda and Mitsubishi in the production
of Light Commercial Vehicles. Integrationists like Ratan Tata argue that globalisation
is good for consumers because it creates greater competition, provides better goods
and reduces prices, and, moreover, promotes the growth which is essential to generate
employment. Others like the Lalbhai group, owners of Arvind Mills (one of the leading
denim manufacturers in the world), and Escorts chairman and Managing Director Rajan
Nanda, have publicly expressed similar confidence in their ability to compete in
a globalised market.<br />
<br />
Many urban, middle-class consumers would have endorsed Ratan Tata's statement to
the effect that globalisation was good for consumers, feeling that many Indian companies
had used their protected position to rake in profits at the expense of consumers;
indeed, liberalisation has led to a palpable increase in consumerism among these
sections of the population. Other business groups, like the Ambanis (Reliance) and
Birlas, were more ambiguous in their response, both making use of globalisation to
expand their businesses and fearing the possibilities of increased competition, dumping
and takeovers.<br />
<br />
<b>(2)</b> Another section of Indian business is anything but confident of being
able to compete on equal terms with world players; they face the threat that their
products will be displaced from the market by better quality and/or cheaper imports,
and their companies taken over by bigger, better-managed ones. They use the slogan
of 'swadeshi', economic nationalism, to advocate the protection of their business
interests against erosion by foreign capital. Spokespersons of this lobby, such as
Rahul Bajaj, Hari Shankar Singhania, and L.M.Thapar formed what came to be called
the 'India Club' to protect the interests of Indian business groups from foreign
competition and take-over.<br />
<br />
Of the Indian chambers of commerce, FICCI (the Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce
and Industry), generally associated with smaller Indian businesses, was wholly against
globalisation, while the CII (Confederation of Indian Industry) and Assocham (Associated
Chambers of Commerce and Industry) were internally divided on the issue. This division
was sharpest in Assocham, where demands for a cap on foreign equity met with strong
resistance from multinational members. In the Confederation, Tarun Das launched a
fierce attack on US companies, and in March 1996 a delegation led by its outgoing
president Rajive Kaul met Murli Manohar Joshi, the leading proponent of 'swadeshi'
in the BJP, to invite him as the chief guest at their Annual General Meeting. However,
other members of the CII have protested against the anti-MNC sentiments which had
been expressed in public and dissociated themselves from them. <br />
<br />
It is important to note that this kind of business nationalism does not stand for
the protection of workers' or consumers' rights; on the contrary, it is this lobby
which is most vehemently opposed to regulation of any sort which would limit their
right to exploit workers to the maximum, or would impose quality standards to protect
consumers. And it has been linked with a cultural nationalism which reduces Buddhism,
Jainism and Sikhism to mere outgrowths of Hinduism, thus vitiating the critique of
Brahminism inherent in these religions, while it regards Islam, Christianity, communism
and feminism as alien, because they do not originate on the 'sacred' soil of India.
(Interestingly, Nazism does not seem fall into this category of alien ideologies,
perhaps because of its Aryan claims.) Upholding fundamental human and democratic
rights too is seen by this current as an unwanted intrusion of 'foreign' influence.
Thus the RSS, whose members and affiliates, along with the Shiv Sena, have been responsible
for the demolition of the Babri Masjid, acts of vandalism directed against the artist
M.F.Husain, innumerable anti-Muslim pogroms, and brutal attacks against Christians,
also spawned the Swadeshi Jagran Manch, an organisation devoted to defending 'Indian'
business interests from 'foreign' erosion. Murli Manohar Joshi treats multinationals
as 'agents of imperialism' and 'symbols of subjugation', while the Swadeshi Jagran
Manch, in a demonstration to drive foreign consumer goods out of the country, adopted
the slogan: 'Foreigners go home'. <br />
<br />
<br />
<b>(3)</b> The nationalist response of the Indian Left at times uses language which
is disturbingly similar to that of the swadeshi brigade, standing up for national
sovereignty against 'imperialist' domination, opposing penetration of the Indian
economy by foreign capital and so forth. The CPI and CPI(M), while participating
in and supporting, respectively, the United Front government in a context where its
fall would almost inevitably have meant BJP rule, at the same time felt compelled
to make denunciations of UF economic policy as a whole, including its acceptance
of globalisation. <br />
<br />
Most radical Left groups, whether Maoist or Trotskyist, as well as most NGOs and
leaderships of other movements, such as those of displaced people, fisherpeople,
etc. which have come together in the National Alliance of People's Movements, make
ritualistic condemnations of multinationals, the WTO, IMF and World Bank in almost
every statement, holding them responsible for virtually every evil to be found in
Indian society. Their rhetoric is virtually indistinguishable from the xenophobia
of the Indian right.<br />
<br />
While this is a confused response, it does not, of course, flow from the same ideological
position which is the basis of the right-wing stand. One of the basic confusions
appears to be that despite their claims to a Marxist analysis, they seem unaware
of Marx's conception of capital as being inherently global; they may chant "Workers
of the World Unite" on demonstrations, but do not realise that the rationale
for this slogan is the belief that only an international workers' movement can defeat
capital. The origin of this confusion is probably the fact that late industrialisers,
such as the Soviet Union, China and India itself, could only attain a degree of autonomous
industrial development by protecting themselves for a certain period from domination
by the existing capitalist powers. In a sense, this can be regarded as a period of
primitive accumulation, where the state goes against the laws of the market in the
interests of domestic industrialisation. <br />
<br />
But this can only be a phase, it cannot last forever, nor can it be the path to industrialisation
for all countries. Given the current degree of integration of the world economy,
delinking from it in order to pursue a path of national capitalist development would
only be achievable, if at all, by a terrifyingly authoritarian state subscribing
to all the jingoistic jargon of the far right. Who else would be able to cut off
the access of ordinary people to cheaper and better goods produced abroad, capital
inputs which might make their lives easier by giving them jobs and commodities they
want, international media, and the Internet?<br />
<br />
Another confusion seems to be the assumption that nationalism goes together with
a certain degree of state concern for social justice and popular welfare. It is certainly
true that in the early post-Independence years there was such a link, but it doesn't
follow that that there is any necessary connection between nationalism and social
justice; on the contrary, the forces who are now most vehemently campaigning for
national capitalism would also be most vehemently opposed to safeguards for the rights
of workers, dalits, women, tribals and minorities, and <br />
Indian employers have proved themselves capable of anything, up to and including
murder, to prevent their workforces from unionising. For example, the Agricultural
Workers' Bill, which has been before parliament for some time, and would give minimum
rights to this viciously oppressed and exploited section of the working class,has
so far failed to gain acceptance due to opposition from rich farmers,a purely Indian
group of employers. Conversely, the current surge of globalisation is spear-headed
by institutions such as the World Bank, IMF and multinationals, i.e. capitalist institutions;
it should therefore cause us no surprise that that they have scant regard for workers'
rights - unless, that is, they are forced to. But there is no necessary connection
between deregulation of labour and welfare standards on one side and globalisation
on the other; one could, conceivably, have higher standards enforced by global regulation.<br />
<br />
So although the nationalist Left may not share all the ideological positions of the
nationalist right, there is a disturbing convergence taking place under the guise
of anti-imperialism. Right up to the late 1960s, "anti-imperialism" connoted
global resistance against the domination of imperial powers; whether the struggle
was taking place in Vietnam, Cuba, South Africa or Palestine, it was our struggle,
and we identified with it. Today this global vision has been replaced by a narrow
<br />
nationalism which is a sad indication of the rightward drift of most of the Left.<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>(4)</b> The internationalist response of the Indian Left is unfortunately as yet
confined to a very small section which is not allied with any particular political
party nor organised into a nationally recognised grouping; however, many ordinary
workers, who would not identify themselves with any political current, would be sympathetic
to such a standpoint. It is not an easy position to take in the ideological climate
in India today, because it involves open opposition to both economic and cultural
nationalism, which are now almost taken for granted as'respectable' by the entire
spectrum from right to left.<br />
<br />
Economic nationalism has to be opposed because today it means supporting national
against international capital. This is both unrealistic and retrograde since national
capital is a less powerful and more backward form of capital than international capital.
Supporting the former against the latter involves attempting to 'roll back the wheel
of history,' as the Communist Manifesto puts it, and is therefore in the strict sense
reactionary; this is why so much of the Left in India has found itself shouting the
same slogans as the far right, and standing shoulder to shoulder with communalists
and fascists whom they should not be touching with a ten-foot pole. <br />
<br />
The only viable way of opposing international capital is by working towards a more
advanced world economy based on cooperation rather than competition, and production
for human need rather than for profit. While this goal may be a long way off today,
even now it is possible to begin linking together groups of people working towards
it on an international basis, and start discussing strategies and intermediate objectives
we can work for together, such as the definition and implementation of minimum labour
and welfare standards worldwide.<br />
<br />
Cultural nationalism is equally to be opposed. The idea that any particular national
or ethnic culture is superior to all others is dangerous in the extreme and inherently
fascistic. All cultures have their strengths and weaknesses, and Indian culture (if,
indeed, it is legitimate to make such a broad generalisation) is no exception. There
are traditions - of warmth and hospitality, readiness for friendship and artistic
<br />
creativity - which should certainly be preserved and built upon, and would be a valuable
contribution to world culture. And there are other traditions - of authoritarianism
and deference, superstition and multiple forms of oppression - which are certainly
not worth preserving; in fact, the sooner they are eliminated the better!<br />
<br />
On the other side, we can rightly reject alien values such as ruthless competitiveness
and selfish individualism while yet acknowledging that there is much that we can
admire, enjoy and learn from in other cultures. It is surely perverse to impoverish
ourselves by shutting out all cultural influences outside a narrow definition of
'national culture' when we could instead enrich ourselves with all the wisdom and
beauty in the world!<br />
<br />
So we need to work towards our own, alternative definition of economic and cultural
globalisation, in opposition to the definition which is being forced upon us by international
capitalist institutions, and to work out strategies for reaching our goal. This can
only be done through discussion and debate among those who share this vision throughout
the world. The sooner this process begins, the sooner we will be able to find a third
alternative to the domination of global capitalism on one side, and reactionary fascistic
national capitals on the other. <br />
<br />
<hr noshade="noshade" />
</div>
GREEN FEATUREShttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13728970908961018694noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-536225285417120020.post-32187063658115966892018-01-10T11:58:00.001+05:302018-01-10T12:02:17.077+05:30Solar power story from India Water Portal<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Makhala village in Amravati district in Maharashtra faced persistent
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needs. Know how a water supply scheme based on solar power solved its
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<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=3&v=Rt0Dv5Bq3-g" target="_blank">Chorao Island, located in Goa’s Mandovi River, has a unique ecological and cultural history</a></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12px;">Government approves Rs 5,369 crores to
develop Haldia-Varanasi navigation waterway across Uttar Pradesh, Bihar,
Jharkhand and West Bengal; NGT orders states to identify areas for
collection and storage of crop residue; NABARD sanctions loans to Odisha
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GREEN FEATUREShttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13728970908961018694noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-536225285417120020.post-57823093321865506512018-01-10T11:43:00.004+05:302018-01-10T11:43:44.457+05:30वैकल्पिक समाज की तलाश<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b><span style="font-size: large;"><u>वैकल्पिक समाज की तलाश</u></span></b></div>
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<span class="author"><u>बाबा मायाराम द्वारा लिखा राष्ट्रीय विकल्प सन्गम पर लेख </u></span></div>
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<span class="author">(विकल्प सन्गम </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 10pt; text-align: left;">से लिया गया लेख )</span></div>
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<span class="author" style="background-color: #b6d7a8;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">संगम
की सोच है कि भविष्य कैसा होगा। </span></b></span></div>
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<span class="author" style="background-color: #b6d7a8;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">समाज, संस्कृति, राजनीति
पर क्या सोच होगी।</span></b></span></div>
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<span class="author" style="background-color: #b6d7a8;"><b><span style="font-size: large;"> क्या सामूहिक दृष्टिकोण व मूल्य
होंगे। </span></b></span></div>
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<span class="author" style="background-color: #b6d7a8;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">इनकी तलाश ही विकल्प संगम की कोशिश है।</span></b></span></div>
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<span class="author"><b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></span></div>
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<span class="author"><b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></span></div>
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<span class="author"><b><i><u>विकल्प संगम </u></i></b><br />
<b><i><br /></i></b>
<b></b>शंकर सिंह ने जब गीत गाया तो सब लोग झूम उठे। गीत का सार यह था
कि मैंने सोना-चांदी, बंगला-गाड़ी नहीं मांगा, सिर्फ स्कूल में पढ़ाई,
अस्पताल में दवाई मांगी। सूचना का अधिकार मांगा। शंकर सिंह, किसान मजदूर
शक्ति संगठन के कार्यकर्ता हैं और इस संगठन ने स्थानीय स्तर से सूचना के
अधिकार की मांग को राष्ट्रीय स्तर पर मान्यता दिलाई, जो बाद में कानून बना।<br />
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अरावली पहाड़ की तलहटी में राजस्थान के उदयपुर के पास विद्या भवन के
प्रकृति साधना केन्द्र में विकल्प संगम आयोजित हुआ। 27 से 29 नवंबर, 2017
तक संपन्न इस संगम को शिक्षांतर और कल्पवृक्ष ने संयुक्त रूप से आयोजित
किया था जिसमें देश भर के करीब सौ प्रतिभागी शामिल हुए। प्रतिभागियों में
विविध रूचियों, अलग अलग विचारधाराओं से जुड़े लोग एक साथ आए। इसमें युवा,
चिंतक, शोधकर्ता व वरिष्ठ सामाजिक कार्यकर्ता शामिल थे।<br />
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विकल्प संगम के बारे में बताने से पहले यह जानना जरूरी होगा कि इसकी
जरूरत क्यों है। कल्पवृक्ष के संस्थापक सदस्य आशीष कोठारी कहते हैं कि
वर्तमान विकास के नकारात्मक नतीजे आ रहे हैं। पर्यावरण, समुदाय और आजीविका
पर इसका प्रतिकूल प्रभाव देखा जा रहा है, इसलिए इसका विकल्प चाहिए। इस दिशा
में देश भर में कई कोशिशें हो रही हैं, जो बिखरी हुई हैं। यह हमारी
विविधता और समृद्धि को दर्शाती है। ऐसे विकल्प संगम का उद्देश्य हैं, हम
उन्हें समझें, उन्हें अनुभव सुनें, और उन्हें एक समग्रता में सामने लाएं।<br />
उन्होंने कहा संघर्ष करने वाले मिल जाते हैं, पर विकल्प पर काम करने वाले नहीं। <b>संगम
की सोच है कि आगे का भविष्य कैसा होगा। समाज, संस्कृति, राजनीति पर क्या
सोच होगी। क्या सामूहिक दृष्टिकोण व मूल्य होंगे। इनकी तलाश ही विकल्प संगम
की कोशिश है। </b><br />
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विकल्प संगम में चिपको आंदोलन और बीज बचाओ आंदोलन के कार्यकर्ता विजय
जड़धारी थे, जिन्होंने चिपको के अनुभव साझा किए। उन्होंने कहा कि चिपको
आंदोलन 70 के दशक में हुआ। इसके बाद हरे पेड़ों के व्यावसायिक कटान पर
कानूनन रोक लगी। पर्यावरण मंत्रालय बना। पर्यावरण के बारे में व्यापक चेतना
जगी। बीज बचाओ आंदोलन 80 शुरू हुआ। इसके बाद जैविक खेती की सोच बनी।
परंपरागत बीजों को बचाने बीज बैंक बने। अब जैविक खेती की बात हर जगह होने
लगी। विजय जड़धारी का गांव जड़धार है, वहां उनके प्रयास से सूखे व उजाड़
जंगल को फिर से हरा-भरा बनाने का अनूठा काम हुआ है।</span></div>
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उत्तराखंड की माटी संगठन की मल्लिका विरदी ने संगठन के अनुभव साझा किए।
उनका संगठन घरेलू हिंसा के खिलाफ शुरू हुआ था, अब राजनीति में सहभागिता, वन
व जल संसाधनों का प्रबंधन और बीज विविधता पर काम करता है। वे एक शहरी
परिवेश से निकलकर उत्तराखंड के सरमौली गांव में रह कर महिलाओं के साथ
इन्हीं सब अलग-अलग मुद्दों पर काम करती हैं।</div>
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महाराष्ट्र, गढ़चिरौली से आए मोहन हीराबाई हीरालाल ने समता, अहिंसा और
प्राकृतिक संसाधनों पर राज्य की माल्कियत से मुक्ति की जरूरत जताई।
उन्होंने कहा वैकल्पिक समाज में यह मूल्य समता और अहिंसा के मूल्य जरूरी
हैं। टिम्बकटू कलेक्टिव के बबलू ने रंगभेद पर एक गीत गाकर इसके खिलाफ संदेश
दिया।</div>
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<b>उ</b>दयपुर शिक्षांतर के मनीष जैन ने कहा कि वर्तमान शिक्षा युवाओं में
निराशा का भाव पैदा करती है। वे स्वयं स्वराज यूनिवर्सिटी के माध्यम से
वैकल्पिक शिक्षा का प्रयोग कर रहे हैं जिसमें स्कूल छोड़ चुके
छात्र-छात्राओं को अपनी रूचि के मुताबिक पढ़ाई करने का मौका मिलता है। वे
कहते हैं सभी बच्चों के अंदर एक बीज है, अगर मौका मिले तो वह बीज फल फूल
सकता है। यानी बच्चों में कई तरह की प्रतिभाएं हैं, उन्हें बढ़ने का मौका
मिलना चाहिए।</div>
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इस तरह देश भर में विकल्प गढ़ने में कई समूह, संस्थाएं, व्यक्ति व
आंदोलन काम कर रहे हैं। नदियों,जमीनों, नदियों, जंगलों, पहाड़ों, खेती और
उनको सींचने- संवारने की कोशिशें चल रही हैं। इस तरह की कई कहानियां
कल्पवृक्ष की विकल्प संगम नाम की वेबसाइट पर उपलब्ध हैं और कई जगह अलिखित व
बिखरी हुई हैं।</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
तीन दिनों तक कई वरिष्ठ कार्यकर्ताओं ने अनुभव साझा किए। वैकल्पिक
राजनीति, वैकल्पिक मीडिया, पर्यावरण के कई पहलुओं, पर्यटन, लिंगभेद और
वैकल्पिक चिकित्सा पर बातचीत हुई। पारम्परिक ज्ञान पर आधारित जागरण जन
विकास समिति, उदयपुर के काम की चर्चा हुई।</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
कुल मिलाकर, यहां हुई बातचीत और समूह चर्चा से कुछ बातें मोटे तौर
वैकल्पिक समाज व उसकी दृष्टि के बारे में कही जा सकती है। इसके लिए
पर्यावरण, सामाजिक न्याय, लोकतंत्र, आर्थिक लोकतंत्र, ज्ञान और संस्कृति की
विविधता जरूरी है।<br />
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<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
सरल ढंग से कहें तो विकल्प विराटता में नहीं, लघुता में हैं।
केन्द्रीकृत समाज की जगह विकेन्द्रीकरण पर जोर देना होगा। पर्यावरण यानी
जल, जंगल, जमीन के आधिपत्य पर नहीं, साहचर्य में है। यानी उसके साथ जीने
में है। धरती के साथ जुड़ाव में है, न कि उसके अतिदोहन में है। हमें ऐसा
रास्ता अपनाना होगा, जिसमें पर्यावरण का कम से कम नुकसान हो। समता व बराबरी
का समाज हो, शोषणमुक्त हो, क्योंकि गैर बराबरी के समाज में तामझाम व
दिखावा की संस्कृति होती है, जो ज्यादा प्रकृति का दोहन करती है। स्पर्धा
नहीं परस्पर सहयोग पर आधारित समाज बनाना होगा। असीमित व अतिदोहन का नहीं
बल्कि इसकी सीमा बनानी होगी। </div>
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Previous link:<br />
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<h3 class="post-title entry-title" itemprop="name" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, Utopia, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, serif; font-size: 30px; font-stretch: normal; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; position: relative;">
<a href="https://greenfeatures.blogspot.in/2017/12/national-vikalp-sangam-udaipur.html" style="color: #bd3a1a; text-decoration-line: none;">National Vikalp Sangam, Udaipur: Confluence of alternatives 27-29 November, 2017</a></h3>
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GREEN FEATUREShttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13728970908961018694noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-536225285417120020.post-45810449943518436042018-01-09T19:24:00.001+05:302018-01-09T19:24:41.084+05:30Cold wave in North India<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Cold wave continues to grip North India, temperature drops to season’s lowest in Jammu city</h1>
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<a href="https://scroll.in/latest/861790/cold-wave-continues-to-grip-north-india-temperature-drops-to-seasons-lowest-in-jammu-city">https://scroll.in/latest/861790/cold-wave-continues-to-grip-north-india-temperature-drops-to-seasons-lowest-in-jammu-city</a></div>
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Weather monitoring agency <em><a class="link-external" href="https://www.skymetweather.com/content/weather-news-and-analysis/delhi-to-remain-under-the-clutch-of-cold-day-conditions/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Skymet Weather</a></em>
said that the intense cold will prevail over Delhi and adjoining areas
the next few days as winds are blowing across the northwestern plains.
The cold winds are because of the active Western Disturbance, a storm
originating in the Mediterranean region that brings sudden winter rain
to the northwestern parts of the subcontinent.</div>
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<b>History:</b></div>
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<b>2017:</b></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Cold wave grips most of north India, Lucknow at 0.1° Celsius</span></h1>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/goog_1332447799"><br /></a></div>
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<a href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/cold-wave-grips-most-of-north-lucknow-at-0-1-celsius/articleshow/56531440.cms">https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/cold-wave-grips-most-of-north-lucknow-at-0-1-celsius/articleshow/56531440.cms</a></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: proxima-regular1, roboto, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; text-align: start;">"A severe </span><a class="key_underline" href="http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/cold-wave" style="background-color: white; color: #3ca2c8; font-family: proxima-regular1, roboto, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.1; opacity: 0.8; position: relative; text-align: start; text-decoration-line: none;">cold wave</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: proxima-regular1, roboto, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; text-align: start;"> is likely at a few places in Punjab, Haryana, Chandigarh, Delhi, Uttar Pradesh and Rajasthan, and a cold wave at a few places in Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Vidarbha and interior Odisha during the next 2-3 days," an IMD official said, adding that north India could experience normal rainfall during the next two weeks.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: proxima-regular1, roboto, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; text-align: start;"><br /></span></div>
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<br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; content: "."; display: block; font-family: proxima-regular1, roboto, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; text-align: start;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: proxima-regular1, roboto, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; text-align: start;">"The rains would drop the speed of west-northwesterly winds from J&K due to western disturbances. This could have a combined effect on Delhi's weather and help temperatures rise," a weather expert said. </span><a class="key_underline" href="http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Winter" style="background-color: white; color: #3ca2c8; font-family: proxima-regular1, roboto, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.1; opacity: 0.8; position: relative; text-align: start; text-decoration-line: none;">Winter</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: proxima-regular1, roboto, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; text-align: start;"> in the valley has been extremely harsh this season with Leh town recording the coldest night of the season at minus 17.7° Celsius.</span></div>
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<b>2016</b></div>
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<h1 class="heading1" data-articletitle="" itemprop="headline">
Siberian winds give India the shivers</h1>
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<a href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Siberian-winds-give-India-the-shivers/articleshow/50691152.cms">https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Siberian-winds-give-India-the-shivers/articleshow/50691152.cms</a></div>
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PUNE: The biting cold in central and north India over the past few days is the fallout of a cold blast from the Arctic. <br /><br />
The entire north India, parts of central India, including Maharashtra,
are feeling the chill in a supposedly warm winter because of a
phenomenon that weather forecasters term 'negative Arctic oscillation',
which brings a blast of cold Siberian winds to the Indian region. <br /><br />
Higher-level winds travel from Europe and Russia via Afghanistan and
Pakistan to enter northern India. Weather forecasters claimed that
occasional cold spells could be frequent now till the end of winter,
especially in north India.</div>
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<br /></div>
D Sivananda Pai, the head of the National Climate Centre, India
Meteorological Department (IMD), told TOI that during the positive phase
of the Arctic oscillation, bitterly cold weather remains confined to
the Arctic region. "When this pattern becomes negative, which is the
situation at present, a reversal of winds takes place and the cold
travels southwards. These cold winds have now begun to enter the regions
south of the Arctic, including India, resulting in a drop in
temperature," said Pai. <br /><br /><div>
The amplitude of the easterly wave
activity, which had earlier warmed the peninsula, including central
India, has now reduced because of the strong westerly winds.</div>
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"The negative Arctic oscillation began around a week back and may
continue for some time now. This means, we could expect occasional cold
spells from now on in various parts of the country, especially in the
north India," said Pai. <div class="last7brdiv">
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B Mukhopadhyay, additional director-general of meteorology (research),
IMD, said this winter had been unusual, marked by warmer temperatures
with few cold spells. "In a usual winter, cold spells keep recurring
after every 10-15 days, right from December. This time, cold spells
began late due to predominance of easterly wave activity," said
Mukhopadhyay.</div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div>
The amplitude of the easterly wave activity usually increases in El Nino
years. "The strong westerly winds have now overpowered the easterly
wave effect, leading to a significant temperature drop in various parts
of the country," he said.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div>
<b>2012:</b></div>
<h3>
Cold takes south India by surprise</h3>
<div>
<a href="http://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/cold-takes-south-india-by-surprise-35743">http://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/cold-takes-south-india-by-surprise-35743</a></div>
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Southern parts of the country have been hit by an unexpected and unprecedented drop in temperatures.<br />
While the government has not confirmed this, media reports claim that
several people have died of the cold in Andhra Pradesh. Hyderabad saw a
decline of four degrees in its maximum temperature, while its minimum
temperature dropped by 2°C.<br />
On January 18, Bengaluru recorded a maximum temperature of 30°C,
which was three degree below normal. The minimum temperature in the city
was 13°C, a three degree dip. Similarly, Chennai registered a
three-degree reduction in its minimum temperature–17.7°C–on January 17.
India Meteorological Department (IMD) Chennai, however, says though they
have not looked at past drops, this certainly is one of the lowest
temperature recorded in several years. The cold is, however, within
bearable limits, they add and no deaths have been reported. “There has
been no significant change in maximum temperature in the city,” says S R
Ramanan, director of IMD Chennai. He adds that parts of Tamil Nadu in
the northern part had registered a drop of 5°C, but weather was quite
predictable elsewhere in the state. At around 8°C, Mysore recorded its
coldest day on January 19.<br />
<br />
<strong>Nothing new about it</strong><br />
Ajit Tyagi, director general of IMD, maintains that there is nothing
special about this phenomenon. “Usually, the warm oceanic waves from the
Bay of Bengal keep the peninsular region warm. But their absence
because of lack of cyclonic activity over the water body has caused cold
winds from the northern part of the country to fill in the vacuum over
peninsular India,” he adds.<br />
M Rajeevan, senior scientist at the National Atmospheric Research
Laboratory in Tirupati, concurs. He adds that the current atmospheric
conditions in the peninsular region are conducive for this sort of
weather variation. “The sky is clear and the air is dry. In these
conditions, lower surface air can cool to a great extent,” he says.
Rajeevan accepts that this sort of temperature dip is unusual for the
peninsular region. “However, this is a natural variation, and doesn’t
qualify as an extreme weather event.” Rajeevan adds that a weather
circulation pattern called Arctic Oscillation, an atmospheric
circulation pattern in which the atmospheric pressure over the Polar
Regions varies in opposition with that over middle latitudes, has caused
severe cold conditions throughout the world, and it is possible its
impact is just spilling over to southern India too. Met officials are
unsure how long the cold-wave like conditions will persist across the
region.<br />
Gopal Dabade, public health activist who runs a non-profit called
Jagruti in Karnataka, says, “The cold has taken everyone by surprise. It
is unlike anything seen in the recent years. People are unprepared for
it. The homeless on the streets are most affected.” Unlike Delhi, there
are also no provisions to distribute blankets to the homeless, he adds.<br />
<br />
<strong>Will it affect health?</strong><br />
Anumita Roychowdhury, head of the air pollution and clean
transportation programme at the Delhi based non-profit Centre for
Science and Environment, says, “This climatic variation could impact the
pollution problem in south India, where cities are becoming
increasingly polluted. Normally during cold weather, calm wind prevails
and air doesn’t disperse as rapidly. Air is stationery and dense. As a
result pollutants build up close to the ground level.”<br />
A K Sharma, professor of community medicine at University College of
Medical Sciences, Delhi, says it’s unclear what specific health problems
the weather change might create for people. “Generally, winter triggers
two types of health problems in adults–respiratory and
gastrointestinal. Chronic lung diseases may be exaggerated and asthma
attacks may become more frequent. The weather could also trigger acute
respiratory infection in children. If anything other than this is
noticed, epidemiological studies should be conducted to analyse the
effects.” He adds that people living in households where smoke is
produced by burning of fuel are at risk of eye infections and allergic
conjunctivitis in this season.<br />
<strong>La Nina effect</strong><br />
<br />
Meanwhile, cold weather conditions continued to hit northern India
with hilly states like Uttarakhand and Himachal Pradesh experiencing
heavy snowfall. J R Kulkarni, senior scientist at the Indian Institute
of Tropical Metereology at Pune, maintains this is usual for this time
of the month. D S Pai, director of the long-range forecasting division,
IMD Pune, says that people are feeling colder because of dip in maximum
or day temperature. He adds that La Nina, a weather phenomenon generally
associated with favourable monsoons and WHICH occurs when surface
temperatures are cooler than normal in the western Pacific and warmer
than normal in the eastern Pacific, might have been one of the factors
behind this severe cold. “Weather is complicated, and La Nina is not the
most important factor to influence temperature, but our analyses have
shown that it can impact mean temperature.”<br /><br />
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2011:</h1>
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Cold wave kills nearly 100 in north India</h1>
<div class="sty_summary_18" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-family: "Fira Sans Extra Condensed", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin: 10px 0px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 10px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Cold wave kills nearly 100 in north India</div>
</div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: 18px;"><a href="http://www.livemint.com/Politics/MbswnUyCLbPr3al78IPuFK/Cold-wave-kills-nearly-100-in-north-India.html">http://www.livemint.com/Politics/MbswnUyCLbPr3al78IPuFK/Cold-wave-kills-nearly-100-in-north-India.html</a></span></span></div>
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The Disaster Management Cell has predicted snowfall beginning 12 January for over four days.</div>
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While the Himalayan region witnessed early snowfall in October, there was a two-month dry spell which ended with another snowfall on New Year’s eve</div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 18px; text-align: start;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 18px; text-align: start;">The Kashmir valley is in the grip of an intense cold wave as it witnesses forty days of harsh winter, locally called ‘Chillai Kalaan’.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 18px; text-align: start;"><br /></span>
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GREEN FEATUREShttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13728970908961018694noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-536225285417120020.post-26988032445855425992018-01-09T13:11:00.000+05:302018-01-09T13:11:14.024+05:30ASEAN-India relations<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="font-family: times new roman,times,serif;">ASEAN-India relations</span></span></span></div>
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="font-family: times new roman,times,serif;"><br /></span></span></span>
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="font-family: times new roman,times,serif;"><br /></span></span></span>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman", times, serif;">ASEAN-India
relations are firmly embedded in culture, commerce and connectivity.
Starting as a sectoral partner of ASEAN in 1992, India became a dialogue
partner of ASEAN in 1996, a summit-level partner in 2002 and a
strategic partner in 2012. The year 2017 marks the 25 years of
ASEAN-India dialogue partnership, 15 years of summit level interaction
and 5 years of strategic partnership. The ASEAN-India relations have
gained constant momentum throughout this period.</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="font-family: times new roman,times,serif;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="font-family: times new roman,times,serif;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="text-align: justify;">The </span><b style="text-align: justify;">ASEAN–India Free Trade Area</b><span style="text-align: justify;"> (</span><b style="text-align: justify;">AIFTA</b><span style="text-align: justify;">) is a </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_trade_area" style="text-align: justify;" title="Free trade area">free trade area</a><span style="text-align: justify;"> among the ten member states of the </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASEAN" style="text-align: justify;" title="ASEAN">Association of Southeast Asian Nations</a><span style="text-align: justify;"> (ASEAN) and </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" style="text-align: justify;" title="India">India</a><span style="text-align: justify;">. The initial framework agreement was signed on 8 October 2003 in </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bali" style="text-align: justify;" title="Bali">Bali</a><span style="text-align: justify;">, </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia" style="text-align: justify;" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a><span style="text-align: justify;">.</span><span style="text-align: justify;"> and the final agreement was on 13 August 2009.</span><span style="text-align: justify;">The free trade area came into effect on 1 January 2010.</span><span style="text-align: justify;">India hosted the latest ASEAN-India Commemorative Summit in New Delhi
on 20–21 December 2012. As of 2011-12, two-way trade between India &
ASEAN stood at US$79.86 billion surpassing the US$70 billion target.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="text-align: justify;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="text-align: justify;">Pdf: <a href="http://asean.org/storage/2012/05/Overview-ASEAN-India-as-of-July-2017-r2-cl.pdf" target="_blank">ASEAN - INDIA DIALOGUE RELATIONS : 2017 </a></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="font-family: times new roman,times,serif;"><br /></span></span></span>
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<h1 class="entry-title" style="text-align: center;">
ASEAN Member States</h1>
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<a href="http://asean.org/asean/asean-member-states/" target="_blank">source: http://asean.org/asean/asean-member-states/</a></div>
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<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
At the <a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2003_ASEAN-India_Summit&action=edit&redlink=1" title="2003 ASEAN-India Summit (page does not exist)">Second ASEAN-India Summit in 2003</a>, the <a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ASEAN-India_Framework_Agreement_on_Comprehensive_Economic_Cooperation&action=edit&redlink=1" title="ASEAN-India Framework Agreement on Comprehensive Economic Cooperation (page does not exist)">ASEAN-India Framework Agreement on Comprehensive Economic Cooperation</a> was signed by the Leaders of ASEAN and India. The Framework Agreement laid a sound basis for the eventual establishment of an <a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ASEAN-India_Regional_Trade_and_Investment_Area&action=edit&redlink=1" title="ASEAN-India Regional Trade and Investment Area (page does not exist)">ASEAN-India Regional Trade and Investment Area</a> (RTIA), which includes FTA in goods, services, and investment.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
ASEAN and India signed the ASEAN-India Trade in Goods (TIG) Agreement in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a>
on 13 August 2009, after six years of negotiations. The ASEAN-India TIG
Agreement entered into force on 1 January 2010. The 7th ASEAN-India
Summit in <a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cha-am_Hua_Hin&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Cha-am Hua Hin (page does not exist)">Cha-am Hua Hin</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>
on 24 October 2009 agreed to revise the bilateral trade target to 70
billion USD to be achieved in the next two years, noting that the
initial target of USD 50 billion set in 2007 may soon be surpassed.</div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="font-family: times new roman,times,serif;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
At the <a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2010_ASEAN-India_Summit&action=edit&redlink=1" title="2010 ASEAN-India Summit (page does not exist)">10th ASEAN-India Summit</a> in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Delhi" title="New Delhi">New Delhi</a>
on 20 December 2012, India and ASEAN concluded negotiations for FTAs in
services and investments. The two sides expect bilateral trade to
increase to $100 billion by 2015, and $200 billion within a decade.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
ASEAN and India are also working on enhancing private sector engagement. Details on the re-activation of the <a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ASEAN-India_Business_Council&action=edit&redlink=1" title="ASEAN-India Business Council (page does not exist)">ASEAN-India Business Council</a> (AIBC), the holding of the <a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ASEAN-India_Business_Summit&action=edit&redlink=1" title="ASEAN-India Business Summit (page does not exist)">ASEAN-India Business Summit</a> (AIBS) and an <a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ASEAN-India_Business_Fair&action=edit&redlink=1" title="ASEAN-India Business Fair (page does not exist)">ASEAN-India Business Fair</a> (AIBF), are being worked out by officials. On 27 April 2010, India informed the <a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ASEAN_Secretariat&action=edit&redlink=1" title="ASEAN Secretariat (page does not exist)">ASEAN Secretariat</a> that the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation_of_Indian_Chambers_of_Commerce_and_Industry" title="Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry">Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry</a> (FICCI) would be organising the <a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ASEAN_Trade_and_Industrial_Exhibition&action=edit&redlink=1" title="ASEAN Trade and Industrial Exhibition (page does not exist)">ASEAN Trade and Industrial Exhibition</a> at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pragati_Maidan" title="Pragati Maidan">Pragati Maidan</a> in New Delhi on 8–11 January 2011, at the sidelines of the AIBF.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<h2>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Criticism">Criticism</span></h2>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Before the agreement was signed, the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Minister_of_Kerala" title="Chief Minister of Kerala">Chief Minister of Kerala</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V.S._Achuthanandan" title="V.S. Achuthanandan">V.S. Achuthanandan</a>, led a delegation to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_India" title="Prime Minister of India">Indian Prime Minister</a> protesting against the FTA. The state of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>
is an important exporter in the national export of plantation products.
It fears that cheap imports of rubber, coffee, and fish would lower
domestic production, adversely affecting farmers and ultimately its
economy. Kerala has already experienced a flooding of its market with inexpensive imports under the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Asia_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="South Asia Free Trade Agreement">South Asia Free Trade Agreement</a> of 2006. Cheap coconuts from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> and palm oil from Malaysia has since hindered Kerala's coconut cultivation.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The economies of the ASEAN countries are largely export-driven, maintaining high export-to-GDP ratios. Considering this, as well as the global financial crisis and India's
expansive domestic market, the ASEAN countries will look eagerly towards
India as a home for its exports.</div>
</div>
<div>
<span class="mw-headline"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span class="mw-headline">********** </span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span class="mw-headline"><b>MEA</b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span class="mw-headline"><a href="https://www.mea.gov.in/aseanindia/20-years.htm">https://www.mea.gov.in/aseanindia/20-years.htm</a></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span class="mw-headline"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The Association of South-East Asian Nations (ASEAN) comprises of
Indonesia, Singapore, Philippines, Malaysia, Brunei, Thailand, Cambodia,
Lao PDR, Myanmar and Vietnam. India’s focus on a strengthened and
multi-faceted relationship with ASEAN is an outcome
of the significant changes in the world’s political and economic
scenario since the early 1990s and India’s own march towards economic
liberalisation. India’s search for economic space resulted in the ‘Look
East Policy’. The Look East Policy has today matured
into a dynamic and action oriented ‘Act East Policy. PM at the 12th
ASEAN India Summit and the 9th East Asia Summit held in Nay Pyi Taw,
Myanmar, in November, 2014, formally enunciated the Act East Policy.</div>
<span class="mw-headline"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Apart from ASEAN, India has taken other policy initiatives in the region
that involve some members of ASEAN like BIMSTEC, MGC etc. India is also
an active participant in several regional forums like the Asia-Europe
Meeting (ASEM), East Asia Summit (EAS), ASEAN
Regional Forum (ARF), ASEAN Defence Ministers' Meeting + (ADMM+) and
Expanded ASEAN Maritime Forum (EAMF).</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
India's relationship with ASEAN is a key pillar of our foreign policy
and the foundation of our Act East Policy. The up-gradation of the
relationship into a Strategic Partnership in 2012 was a natural
progression to the ground covered since India became a Sectoral
Partner of the ASEAN in 1992, Dialogue Partner in 1996 and Summit Level
Partner in 2002. There are, in total, 30 Dialogue Mechanisms between
India and ASEAN, cutting across various sectors.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-weight: bold;">Mission to ASEAN:</b> India has set up a separate Mission to ASEAN
and the EAS in Jakarta in April 2015 with a dedicated Ambassador to
strengthen engagement with ASEAN and ASEAN-centric processes.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-weight: bold;"><b>25th Anniversary of ASEAN-India Dialogue Relations:</b> I</span>ndia and
ASEAN are observing 25 years of their Dialogue Partnership, 15 years of
Summit Level interaction and 5 years of Strategic Partnership throughout
2017 by undertaking a wide range of activities,
both in India and through our Missions in ASEAN Member States, which
would culminate in a Commemorative Summit on the theme "Shared Values,
Common Destiny” on 25 January 2018. We have also hosted a Youth Summit
and a Connectivity Summit among other events.
In the run up to the Summit, we plan to host a Business &
Investment Meet and Expo, Business Conclave, Textile Event and Regional
Indian Diaspora Meet. In addition, we have organized throughout the year
academic conferences, business events and cultural festivals.</div>
<div style="font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-weight: bold;">Political Security Cooperation: </b>Faced with growing traditional
and non-traditional challenges, politico-security cooperation is a key
and an emerging pillar of our relationship. Rising export of terror,
growing radicalization through ideology of hatred,
and spread of extreme violence define the landscape of common security
threats to our societies. Our partnership with ASEAN seeks to craft a
response that relies on coordination, cooperation and sharing of
experiences at multiple levels.</div>
<div style="font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-weight: bold;"><b>Economic Cooperation:</b> </span>India-ASEAN trade and investment relations
have been growing steadily, with ASEAN being India's fourth largest
trading partner.India's trade with ASEAN has increased to US$ 70 billion
in 2016-17 from US$ 65 billion in 2015-16.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
ASEAN and India have been also working on enhancing private sector
engagement. ASEAN India-Business Council (AIBC) was set up in March 2003
in Kuala Lumpur as a forum to bring key private sector players from
India and the ASEAN countries on a single platform
for business networking and sharing of ideas</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>Socio-Cultural Cooperation: </b>We have been organizing a large
number of programmes to boost People-to-People Interaction with ASEAN,
such as inviting ASEAN students to India each year for the Students
Exchange Programme, Special Training Course for ASEAN
diplomats, Exchange of Parliamentarians, Participation of ASEAN
students in the National Children’s Science Congress, ASEAN-India
Network of Think Tanks, ASEAN-India Eminent Persons Lecture Series, etc.
As part of commomerative events we have organised Youth
centric Programs such as youth summit, artists camp and music band
festival.<br />
<br />
<b>Connectivity: </b>ASEAN-India connectivity is a priority for India as
also the ASEAN countries. In 2013, India became the third dialogue
partner of ASEAN to initiate an ASEAN Connectivity Coordinating
Committee-India Meeting. While India has made considerable
progress in implementing the India-Myanmar-Thailand Trilateral Highway
and the Kaladan Multimodal Project, issues related to increasing the
maritime and air connectivity between ASEAN and India and transforming
the corridors of connectivity into economic corridors
are under discussion. A possible extension to India-Myanmar-Thailand
Trilateral Highway to Cambodia, Lao PDR and Viet Nam is also under
consideration. A consensus on finalising the proposed protocol of the
India-Myanmar-Thailand Motor Vehicle Agreement (IMT
MVA) has been reached. This agreement will have a critical role in
realizing seamless movement of passenger, personal and cargo vehicles
along roads linking India, Myanmar and Thailand. PM announced a Line of
Credit of US$ 1 billion to promote projects that
support physical and digital connectivity between India and ASEAN and a
Project Development Fund with a corpus of INR 500 crores to develop
manufacturing hubs in CLMV countries at the 13th ASEAN India Summit held
in Malaysia in November 2015. We have also
organised a Connectivity Summit in December 2017.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<b>Funds:</b> ASEAN Multilateral Division offers project-based financial
assistance to ASEAN countries. Financial assistance has been provided
to ASEAN countries from the following Funds:<br />
<br /><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>ASEAN-India Cooperation Fund: </b>At the 7th ASEAN-India Summit in
2009, India announced a contribution of US$ 50 million to the
ASEAN-India Fund, to support implementation of the ASEAN-India Plans of
Action, which envisage cooperation in a range of sectors
in the political, economic and socio-cultural spheres for deepening and
intensifying ASEAN-India cooperation. Projects worth approx. US$ 48
million are under various stages of implementation or processing. In
order to take the development and capacity building
initiatives forward, PM has proposed enhancing the ASEAN-India Fund
with an additional grant of US$ 50 million at the 14th ASEAN India
Summit in Vientiane in September 2016.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-weight: bold;">ASEAN-India S&T Development Fund (AISTDF):</b> At the 6th
ASEAN-India Summit in November 2007 in Singapore, India announced the
setting up of an ASEAN-India Science & Technology Development Fund
with a US$ 1 million contribution from India to promote joint
collaborative R&D research projects in Science & Technology.
This Fund become operational in 2009-10 and expenditure began to be
incurred from FY 2010-11. This fund has been enhanced to US$5 million
from 2016-17. Projects worth US$ 0.67 million are already
under implementation and new projects are being identified.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-weight: bold;">ASEAN-India Green Fund:</b> At the 6th ASEAN-India Summit on 21
November 2007 in Singapore, India announced the setting up of an
ASEAN-India Green Fund with an initial contribution of US$ 5 million
from India, to support collaboration activities relating
to environment and climate change. Some of the areas identified for
collaboration under the Fund are climate change, energy efficiency,
clean technologies, renewable energy, biodiversity conservation and
environmental education. Projects worth US$ 1.97 million
covered under this Fund are currently at the implementation stage.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-weight: bold;">ASEAN-India Projects:</b> India has been cooperating with ASEAN by
way of implementation of various projects in the fields of Agriculture,
Science & Technology, Space, Environment & Climate Change, Human
Resource Development, Capacity Building, New and Renewable
Energy, Tourism, People-to-People contacts and Connectivity etc.Some of
the prominent projects, which are either ongoing or in the final stages
of approval are as follows:</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="text-align: center;">Space Project envisaging establishment of a Tracking, Data
Reception/Data Processing Station in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam and
upgradation of Telemetry Tracking and Command Station in Biak,
Indonesia; Setting up of Centres of Excellence in Software Development
& Training in CLMV countries; e-Network for provision of
tele-medicine and tele-education in CLMV countries, Quick Impact
Projects in CLMV etc.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="text-align: center;">Delhi Dialogue: </b><span style="text-align: center;">India has an annual Track 1.5 event Delhi
Dialogue, for discussing politico-security and economic issues between
ASEAN and India. Since 2009, India has had nine editions of this event.
The 9th edition of Delhi Dialogue was hosted by the
MEA on 4-5 July 2017 in New DelhI</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="text-align: center;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>ASEAN-India Centre (AIC):</b> At the Commemorative Summit held in
2012, the Heads of the Government recommended establishment of
ASEAN-India Centre (AIC) to undertake policy research, advocacy and
networking activities with organizations and think-tanks
in India and ASEAN, with the aim to promote the ASEAN-India Strategic
Partnership. Set up in 2013, the AIC has been serving as a resource
centre for ASEAN Member States and India, for strengthening ASEAN-India
strategic partnership and promoting India-ASEAN
dialogue and cooperation in the areas of mutual interests. AIC has
provided inputs to policy makers in India and ASEAN on implementation of
ASEAN-India connectivity initiatives by organising seminars,
roundtables etc. AIC also organizes workshops, seminars
and conferences on various issues relevant to ASEAN-India strategic
partnership. It undertakes regular networking activities with relevant
public/private agencies, organizations and think-tanks in India and
ASEAN and EAS countries, with the aim of providing
up-to-date information, data resources and sustained interaction, for
promoting ASEAN-India Strategic Partnership.<br />
<br />
<b>12 December 2017</b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="text-align: center;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="text-align: center;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="text-align: center;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="text-align: center;"><br /></span></div>
</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span class="mw-headline"><br /></span></div>
</div>
GREEN FEATUREShttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13728970908961018694noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-536225285417120020.post-25741676869345748522018-01-08T13:49:00.000+05:302018-01-08T13:49:18.118+05:30Live Videos of Alternatives<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; line-height: normal; padding: 0px; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;"><strong>Vayali:
youth livelihoods<span style="font-family: arial;">, revival of music and
dance, conservation of river ecosystem in Kerala</span><br />
</strong></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; line-height: normal; min-height: 14px; padding: 0px; text-align: center;">
<a data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?hl=en&q=https://youtu.be/Te0XtTy1USE&source=gmail&ust=1515484506194000&usg=AFQjCNHRDf2PmgIELuazmQRM1Bo7TkH18g" href="https://youtu.be/Te0XtTy1USE" target="_blank">https://youtu.be/Te0XtTy1USE</a></div>
<div style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; line-height: normal; min-height: 14px; padding: 0px; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; line-height: normal; min-height: 14px; padding: 0px; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; line-height: normal; padding: 0px; text-align: center;">
<strong>Marudam:
alternative learning and education, reviving forests<span style="font-family: arial;"> in Tamil Nadu </span><br />
</strong></div>
<div style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; line-height: normal; min-height: 14px; padding: 0px; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; line-height: normal; padding: 0px; text-align: center;">
<a data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?hl=en&q=https://youtu.be/hi0iEM1yw5s&source=gmail&ust=1515484506194000&usg=AFQjCNFxGHk8htok5lRKqVxHnG7Vk1pKNA" href="https://youtu.be/hi0iEM1yw5s" target="_blank">https://youtu.be/hi0iEM1yw5s</a></div>
<div style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; line-height: normal; padding: 0px; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; line-height: normal; padding: 0px; text-align: center;">
<strong>Avani:
women's empowerment and livelihoods<span style="font-family: arial;"> in
Uttarakhand </span><br />
</strong></div>
<div style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; line-height: normal; padding: 0px; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; line-height: normal; padding: 0px; text-align: center;">
<a data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?hl=en&q=https://youtu.be/qDKunRUPxi8&source=gmail&ust=1515484506194000&usg=AFQjCNEfbgMEvFcDhPl1sMBzAPQSCkTqVw" href="https://youtu.be/qDKunRUPxi8" target="_blank">https://youtu.be/qDKunRUPxi8</a></div>
<br />
<div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt; padding: 0px; text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;">
<strong><br />
</strong></div>
<div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt; padding: 0px; text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;">
<strong>Rainbow
Drive: water/garbage and other urban sustainability initiatives
in a colony in Bengaluru <br />
</strong></div>
<span style="font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">
</span>
<br />
<div style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; line-height: normal; padding: 0px; text-align: center;">
<a data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?hl=en&q=https://youtu.be/twZmuLSlHEU&source=gmail&ust=1515484506194000&usg=AFQjCNExP8IWTGGms7HERp5zLuQdwJ8Z6w" href="https://youtu.be/twZmuLSlHEU" target="_blank">https://youtu.be/twZmuLSlHEU</a> </div>
<div style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; line-height: normal; padding: 0px; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; line-height: normal; padding: 0px; text-align: center;">
*******</div>
</div>
GREEN FEATUREShttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13728970908961018694noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-536225285417120020.post-25808203076346331662018-01-08T13:48:00.000+05:302018-01-08T13:48:31.083+05:30‘It’s our god, our mother’ For forests<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
‘It’s our god, our mother’: For Odisha’s tribes, preserving forests is key to a sustainable future</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
Access to naturally grown forest produce would go a long way in
protecting tribal communities in Odisha from the worst impacts of
climate change.</div>
<br />
<a data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?hl=en&q=https://scroll.in/article/861261/its-our-god-our-mother-for-odishas-tribes-preserving-forests-is-key-to-a-sustainable-future&source=gmail&ust=1515484506178000&usg=AFQjCNH1DneGxuTFsU8sDW0YCpsGgxiLBw" href="https://scroll.in/article/861261/its-our-god-our-mother-for-odishas-tribes-preserving-forests-is-key-to-a-sustainable-future" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank">https://scroll.in/article/8612<wbr></wbr>61/its-our-god-our-mother-for-<wbr></wbr>odishas-tribes-preserving-fore<wbr></wbr>sts-is-key-to-a-sustainable-<wbr></wbr>future</a><br /><br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
*******</div>
</div>
GREEN FEATUREShttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13728970908961018694noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-536225285417120020.post-69576949027856397162018-01-08T13:45:00.000+05:302018-01-08T13:45:19.089+05:30Centre has allowed import of GM edible oil, violating food safety laws<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div>
<span style="font-size: large;">Governments have broken
laws,and ignored scientific warnings to permit food companies to sell us
dangerous and untested processed food products for years. </span></div>
<div style="font-size: 12.800000190734863px;">
<br /></div>
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<a data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?hl=en&q=https://scroll.in/article/863560/for-years-indias-food-safety-regulator-has-twisted-rules-to-allow-sale-of-unsafe-processed-food&source=gmail&ust=1515484506173000&usg=AFQjCNGwY6tFS2w2rbKiuzwMW28PEI0m6g" href="https://scroll.in/article/863560/for-years-indias-food-safety-regulator-has-twisted-rules-to-allow-sale-of-unsafe-processed-food" target="_blank">https://scroll.in/article/8635<wbr></wbr>60/for-years-indias-food-safet<wbr></wbr>y-regulator-has-twisted-rules-<wbr></wbr>to-allow-sale-of-unsafe-proces<wbr></wbr>sed-food</a></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">The governments, including this one, allowed illegal import of
Genetically Modified edible oil for years. Modi govt wrongly is passing
the blame to state governments for it:</span></div>
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<a data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?hl=en&q=https://scroll.in/article/863839/centre-admits-in-parliament-that-it-allowed-import-of-gm-edible-oil-in-violation-of-food-safety-law&source=gmail&ust=1515484506173000&usg=AFQjCNGukkgjq9LWYlK-62WrOg2JfNQUZQ" href="https://scroll.in/article/863839/centre-admits-in-parliament-that-it-allowed-import-of-gm-edible-oil-in-violation-of-food-safety-law" target="_blank">https://scroll.in/article/8638<wbr></wbr>39/centre-admits-in-parliament<wbr></wbr>-that-it-allowed-import-of-gm-<wbr></wbr>edible-oil-in-violation-of-foo<wbr></wbr>d-safety-law</a> </div>
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GREEN FEATUREShttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13728970908961018694noreply@blogger.com0